alimentary canal tubular digestive system with a mouth and anus

aminopeptidase protease that breaks down peptides to single amino acids; secreted by the brush border of small intestine

anus exit point for waste material

bile digestive juice produced by the liver; important for digestion of lipids

bolus mass of food resulting from chewing action and wetting by saliva

carboxypeptidase protease that breaks down peptides to single amino acids; secreted by the brush border of the small intestine

carnivore animal that consumes animal flesh

cephalic phase first phase of digestion, controlled by the neural response to the stimulus provided by food

cholecystokinin hormone that stimulates the contraction of the gallbladder to release bile

chylomicron small lipid globule

chyme mixture of partially digested food and stomach juices

chymotrypsin pancreatic protease

digestion mechanical and chemical break down of food into small organic fragments

dipeptidase protease that breaks down peptides to single amino acids; secreted by the brush border of small intestine

duodenum first part of the small intestine where a large part of digestion of carbohydrates and fats occurs

elastase pancreatic protease

endocrine system system that controls the response of the various glands in the body and the release of hormones at the appropriate times

esophagus tubular organ that connects the mouth to the stomach

essential nutrient nutrient that cannot be synthesized by the body; it must be obtained from food

gallbladder organ that stores and concentrates bile

gastric inhibitory peptide hormone secreted by the small intestine in the presence of fatty acids and sugars; it also inhibits acid production and peristalsis in order to slow down the rate at which food enters the small intestine

gastric phase digestive phase beginning once food enters the stomach; gastric acids and enzymes process the ingested materials

gastrin hormone which stimulates hydrochloric acid secretion in the stomach

gastrovascular cavity digestive system consisting of a single opening

gizzard muscular organ that grinds food

herbivore animal that consumes strictly plant diet

ileum last part of the small intestine; connects the small intestine to the large intestine; important for absorption of B-12

ingestion act of taking in food

intestinal phase third digestive phase; begins when chyme enters the small intestine triggering digestive secretions and controlling the rate of gastric emptying

jejunum second part of the small intestine

lactase enzyme that breaks down lactose into glucose and galactose

large intestine digestive system organ that reabsorbs water from undigested material and processes waste matter

lipase enzyme that chemically breaks down lipids

liver organ that produces bile for digestion and processes vitamins and lipids

maltase enzyme that breaks down maltose into glucose

mineral inorganic, elemental molecule that carries out important roles in the body

monogastric digestive system that consists of a single-chambered stomach

omnivore animal that consumes both plants and animals

pancreas gland that secretes digestive juices

pepsin enzyme found in the stomach whose main role is protein digestion

pepsinogen inactive form of pepsin

peristalsis wave-like movements of muscle tissue

proventriculus glandular part of a bird’s stomach

rectum area of the body where feces is stored until elimination

roughage component of food that is low in energy and high in fiber

ruminant animal with a stomach divided into four compartments

salivary amylase enzyme found in saliva, which converts carbohydrates to maltose

secretin hormone which stimulates sodium bicarbonate secretion in the small intestine

small intestine organ where digestion of protein, fats, and carbohydrates is completed

somatostatin hormone released to stop acid secretion when the stomach is empty

sphincter band of muscle that controls movement of materials throughout the digestive tract

stomach saclike organ containing acidic digestive juices

sucrase enzyme that breaks down sucrose into glucose and fructose

trypsin pancreatic protease that breaks down protein

villi folds on the inner surface of the small intestine whose role is to increase absorption area

vitamin organic substance necessary in small amounts to sustain life