abstract opening section of a scientific paper that summarizes the research and conclusions

applied science form of science that aims to solve real-world problems

atom smallest and most fundamental unit of matter

basic science science that seeks to expand knowledge and understanding regardless of the short-term application of that knowledge

biochemistry study of the chemistry of biological organisms

biology the study of living organisms and their interactions with one another and their environments

biosphere collection of all the ecosystems on Earth

botany study of plants

cell smallest fundamental unit of structure and function in living things

community set of populations inhabiting a particular area

conclusion section of a scientific paper that summarizes the importance of the experimental findings

control part of an experiment that does not change during the experiment

deductive reasoning form of logical thinking that uses a general inclusive statement to forecast specific results

descriptive science (also, discovery science) form of science that aims to observe, explore, and investigate

discussion section of a scientific paper in which the author interprets experimental results, describes how variables may be related, and attempts to explain the phenomenon in question

ecosystem all the living things in a particular area together with the abiotic, nonliving parts of that environment

eukaryote organism with cells that have nuclei and membrane-bound organelles

evolution process of gradual change during which new species arise from older species and some species become extinct

falsifiable able to be disproven by experimental results

homeostasis ability of an organism to maintain constant internal conditions

hypothesis suggested explanation for an observation, which can be tested

hypothesis-based science form of science that begins with a specific question and potential testable answers

inductive reasoning form of logical thinking that uses related observations to arrive at a general conclusion

introduction opening section of a scientific paper, which provides background information about what was known in the field prior to the research reported in the paper

life science field of science, such as biology, that studies living things

macromolecule large molecule, typically formed by the joining of smaller molecules

materials and methods section of a scientific paper that includes a complete description of the substances, methods, and techniques used by the researchers to gather data

microbiology study of the structure and function of microorganisms

molecular biology study of biological processes and their regulation at the molecular level, including interactions among molecules such as DNA, RNA, and proteins

molecule chemical structure consisting of at least two atoms held together by one or more chemical bonds

natural science field of science that is related to the physical world and its phenomena and processes

neurobiology study of the biology of the nervous system

organ collection of related tissues grouped together performing a common function

organ system level of organization that consists of functionally related interacting organs

organelle small structures that exist within cells and carry out cellular functions

organism individual living entity

paleontology study of life’s history by means of fossils

peer-reviewed manuscript scientific paper that is reviewed by a scientist’s colleagues who are experts in the field of study

phylogenetic tree diagram showing the evolutionary relationships among various biological species based on similarities and differences in genetic or physical traits or both; in essence, a hypothesis concerning evolutionary connections

physical science field of science, such as geology, astronomy, physics, and chemistry, that studies nonliving matter

plagiarism using other people’s work or ideas without proper citation, creating the false impression that those are the author’s original ideas

population all of the individuals of a species living within a specific area

prokaryote single-celled organism that lacks organelles and does not have nuclei surrounded by a nuclear membrane

results section of a scientific paper in which the author narrates the experimental findings and presents relevant figures, pictures, diagrams, graphs, and tables, without any further interpretation

review article paper that summarizes and comments on findings that were published as primary literature

science knowledge that covers general truths or the operation of general laws, especially when acquired and tested by the scientific method

scientific method method of research with defined steps that include observation, formulation of a hypothesis, testing, and confirming or falsifying the hypothesis

serendipity fortunate accident or a lucky surprise

theory tested and confirmed explanation for observations or phenomena

tissue group of similar cells carrying out related functions

variable part of an experiment that the experimenter can vary or change

zoology study of animals