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Introduction
OpenStaxCollege
Chemistry in Context
Phases and Classification of Matter
Physical and Chemical Properties
Measurements
Measurement Uncertainty, Accuracy, and Precision
Mathematical Treatment of Measurement Results
Chapter 1
Early Ideas in Atomic Theory
Evolution of Atomic Theory
Atomic Structure and Symbolism
Chemical Formulas
The Periodic Table
Molecular and Ionic Compounds
Chemical Nomenclature
Formula Mass and the Mole Concept
Determining Empirical and Molecular Formulas
Molarity
Other Units for Solution Concentrations
Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations
Classifying Chemical Reactions
Reaction Stoichiometry
Reaction Yields
Quantitative Chemical Analysis
Energy Basics
Calorimetry
Enthalpy
Electromagnetic Energy
The Bohr Model
Development of Quantum Theory
Electronic Structure of Atoms (Electron Configurations)
Periodic Variations in Element Properties
Ionic Bonding
Covalent Bonding
Lewis Symbols and Structures
Formal Charges and Resonance
Strengths of Ionic and Covalent Bonds
Molecular Structure and Polarity
Valence Bond Theory
Hybrid Atomic Orbitals
Multiple Bonds
Molecular Orbital Theory
Gas Pressure
Relating Pressure, Volume, Amount, and Temperature: The Ideal Gas Law
Stoichiometry of Gaseous Substances, Mixtures, and Reactions
Effusion and Diffusion of Gases
The Kinetic-Molecular Theory
Non-Ideal Gas Behavior
Intermolecular Forces
Properties of Liquids
Phase Transitions
Phase Diagrams
The Solid State of Matter
Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids
The Dissolution Process
Electrolytes
Solubility
Colligative Properties
Colloids
Chemical Reaction Rates
Factors Affecting Reaction Rates
Rate Laws
Integrated Rate Laws
Collision Theory
Reaction Mechanisms
Catalysis
Opener
Chemical Equilibria
Equilibrium Constants
Shifting Equilibria: Le Châtelier’s Principle
Equilibrium Calculations
Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
pH and pOH
Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases
Hydrolysis of Salt Solutions
Polyprotic Acids
Buffers
Acid-Base Titrations
Precipitation and Dissolution
Lewis Acids and Bases
Multiple Equilibria
Spontaneity
Entropy
The Second and Third Laws of Thermodynamics
Free Energy
Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
Galvanic Cells
Standard Reduction Potentials
The Nernst Equation
Batteries and Fuel Cells
Corrosion
Electrolysis
Periodicity
Occurrence and Preparation of the Representative Metals
Structure and General Properties of the Metalloids
Structure and General Properties of the Nonmetals
Occurrence, Preparation, and Compounds of Hydrogen
Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Carbonates
Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Nitrogen
Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Phosphorus
Occurrence, Preparation, and Compounds of Oxygen
Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Sulfur
Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Halogens
Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of the Noble Gases
Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Transition Metals and Their Compounds
Coordination Chemistry of Transition Metals
Spectroscopic and Magnetic Properties of Coordination Compounds
Hydrocarbons
Alcohols and Ethers
Aldehydes, Ketones, Carboxylic Acids, and Esters
Amines and Amides
Nuclear Structure and Stability
Nuclear Equations
Radioactive Decay
Transmutation and Nuclear Energy
Uses of Radioisotopes
Biological Effects of Radiation
Appendix
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