The Chi-Square Distribution
Facts About the Chi-Square Distribution
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The notation for the chi-square distribution is:
where df = degrees of freedom which depends on how chi-square is being used. (If you want to practice calculating chi-square probabilities then use df = n – 1. The degrees of freedom for the three major uses are each calculated differently.)
For the χ2 distribution, the population mean is μ = df and the population standard deviation is \(\sigma =\sqrt{2\left(df\right)}\).
The random variable is shown as χ2, but may be any upper case letter.
The random variable for a chi-square distribution with k degrees of freedom is the sum of k independent, squared standard normal variables.
χ2 = (Z1)2 + (Z2)2 + … + (Zk)2
- The curve is nonsymmetrical and skewed to the right.
- There is a different chi-square curve for each df.
- The test statistic for any test is always greater than or equal to zero.
- When df > 90, the chi-square curve approximates the normal distribution. For X ~ \({\chi }_{1,000}^{2}\) the mean, μ = df = 1,000 and the standard deviation, σ = \(\sqrt{2\left(1,000\right)}\) = 44.7. Therefore, X ~ N(1,000, 44.7), approximately.
- The mean, μ, is located just to the right of the peak.
References
Data from Parade Magazine.
“HIV/AIDS Epidemiology Santa Clara County.”Santa Clara County Public Health Department, May 2011.
Chapter Review
The chi-square distribution is a useful tool for assessment in a series of problem categories. These problem categories include primarily (i) whether a data set fits a particular distribution, (ii) whether the distributions of two populations are the same, (iii) whether two events might be independent, and (iv) whether there is a different variability than expected within a population.
An important parameter in a chi-square distribution is the degrees of freedom df in a given problem. The random variable in the chi-square distribution is the sum of squares of df standard normal variables, which must be independent. The key characteristics of the chi-square distribution also depend directly on the degrees of freedom.
The chi-square distribution curve is skewed to the right, and its shape depends on the degrees of freedom df. For df > 90, the curve approximates the normal distribution. Test statistics based on the chi-square distribution are always greater than or equal to zero. Such application tests are almost always right-tailed tests.
Formula Review
χ2 = (Z1)2 + (Z2)2 + … (Zdf)2
chi-square distribution random variable
μχ2 = df chi-square distribution population mean
\({\sigma }_{{\chi }^{2}}\text{=}\sqrt{2\left(df\right)}\) Chi-Square distribution population standard deviation
If the number of degrees of freedom for a chi-square distribution is 25, what is the population mean and standard deviation?
mean = 25 and standard deviation = 7.0711
If df > 90, the distribution is _____________. If df = 15, the distribution is ________________.
When does the chi-square curve approximate a normal distribution?
when the number of degrees of freedom is greater than 90
Where is μ located on a chi-square curve?
Is it more likely the df is 90, 20, or two in the graph?
df = 2
Homework
Decide whether the following statements are true or false.
As the number of degrees of freedom increases, the graph of the chi-square distribution looks more and more symmetrical.
true
The standard deviation of the chi-square distribution is twice the mean.
The mean and the median of the chi-square distribution are the same if df = 24.
false
