Glossary

Relating to the abdomen, the superior portion of the abdominopelvic cavity.

portion of the aorta inferior to the aortic hiatus and superior to the common iliac
arteries

The space bounded by the abdominal walls, diaphragm, and pelvis.

Division of the anterior (ventral) cavity that houses the abdominal and pelvic viscera.

sixth cranial nerve; responsible for contraction of one of the extraocular muscles

move away from midline in the sagittal plane

muscle that inserts into the first metacarpal

blood-type classification based on the presence or absence of A and B glycoproteins on the erythrocyte membrane surface

period time during an action period when another action potential cannot be generated because the voltage-gated Na+ channel is inactivated

passage of digested products from the intestinal lumen through mucosal cells and into the bloodstream or lacteals

also called the fed state; the metabolic state occurring during the first few hours after ingesting food in which the body is digesting food and absorbing the nutrients

includes teeth, tongue, salivary glands, gallbladder, liver, and pancreas

process of adjustment that the respiratory system makes due to chronic exposure to high altitudes

Large, cup-shaped cavity located on the lateral side of the hip bone; formed by the junction of the ilium, pubis, and ischium portions of the hip bone.

starting molecule of the Krebs cycle

neurotransmitter that binds at a motor end-plate to trigger depolarization

neurotransmitter that binds at a motor end-plate to trigger depolarization

an enzyme that breaks down ACh within synapses to regulate its effect

Compound that releases hydrogen ions (H+) in solution.

Skin condition due to infected sebaceous glands.

a serious and lethal disease caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and characterized by a greatly weakened immune system

disorder in adults caused when abnormally high levels of GH trigger growth of bones in the face, hands, and feet

Lateral end of the clavicle that articulates with the acromion of the scapula.

Acromion of the scapula.

Articulation between the acromion of the scapula and the acromial end of the clavicle.

Flattened bony process that extends laterally from the scapular spine to form the bony tip of the shoulder.

release of digestive enzymes by sperm that enables them to burrow through the corona radiata and penetrate the zona pellucida of an oocyte prior to fertilization

cap-like vesicle located at the anterior-most region of a sperm that is rich with lysosomal enzymes capable of digesting the protective layers surrounding the oocyte

protein that makes up most of the thin myofilaments in a sarcomere muscle fiber

change in voltage of a cell membrane in response to a stimulus that results in
transmission of an electrical signal; unique to neurons and muscle fibers

Amount of energy greater than the energy contained in the reactants, which must be overcome for a reaction to proceed.

immunity developed from an individual’s own immune system

Form of transport across the cell membrane that requires input of cellular energy.

condition that occurs a result of acute exposure to high altitude due to a low partial pressure of oxygen

relatively slow but very specific and effective immune response involving lymphocytes

moves the bone toward the midline

muscle that adducts and medially rotates the thigh

muscle that adducts, medially rotates, and flexes the thigh

muscle with an anterior fascicle that adducts, medially rotates and flexes the thigh, and a posterior fascicle that assists in thigh extension

Small, bony bump located on the superior aspect of the medial epicondyle of the femur.

Nucleotide containing ribose and an adenine base that is essential in energy transfer.

membrane-bound enzyme that converts ATP to cyclic AMP, creating cAMP, as a result of G-protein activation

Lipid storage cells.

Protein hormone primarily produced by adipose (fat) tissue that reverses insulin resistance by increasing cellular insulin sensitivity, and also lowers inflammation

Specialized areolar tissue dominated by adipocytes.

outer region of the adrenal glands consisting of multiple layers of epithelial cells and capillary networks that produces mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids

endocrine glands located at the top of each kidney that are important for the regulation of the stress response, blood pressure and blood volume, water homeostasis, and electrolyte levels

inner layer of the adrenal glands that plays an important role in the stress response by producing epinephrine and norepinephrine

synapse where norepinephrine is released, which binds to α- or β-adrenergic receptors

anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete corticosteroid hormones (also called corticotropin)

production of ATP in the presence of oxygen

moving toward (the central nervous system)

division of the adiate arteries that supply blood to about 1.3 million nephrons each in the kidney

component of a reflex arc that represents the input from a sensory neuron, for either a special or general sense

lead into a lymph node

neuron that sends nervous signals towards the brain and/ or spinal cord

third stage of childbirth in which the placenta and associated fetal membranes are expelled

force the ventricles must develop to effectively pump blood against the resistance in the vessels

clustering of cells into masses linked by antibodies

(also, prime mover) muscle whose contraction is responsible for producing a particular motion

leukocytes with few granules in their cytoplasm; specifically, monocytes, lymphocytes, and NK cells

WBCs that aren’t granulocytes including monocytes, dendritic cells and lymphocytes

(plural = alae) small, flaring structure of a nostril that forms the lateral side of the nares

the short-term stress, or the fight-or-flight response, of stage one of the general adaptation syndrome mediated by the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine

Genetic disorder that affects the skin, in which there is no melanin production.

most abundant plasma protein, accounting for most of the osmotic pressure of plasma

excessive albumin detected in the urine

hormone produced and secreted by the adrenal cortex that stimulates sodium and fluid retention and increases blood volume and blood pressure

continuous muscular digestive tube that extends from the mouth to the anus

substance, usually from a plant source, that is chemically basic with respect to pH and will stimulate bitter receptors

finger-like outpocketing of yolk sac forms the primitive excretory duct of the embryo; precursor to the urinary bladder

alternative forms of a gene that occupy a specific locus on a specific gene

antigens responsible for type I hypersensitivity

one of the receptors to which epinephrine and norepinephrine bind, which comes in two subtypes: α1 and α2

pancreatic islet cell type that produces the hormone glucagon

small tube that leads from the terminal bronchiole to the respiratory bronchiole and is the
point of attachment for alveoli

immune system cell of the alveolus that removes debris and pathogens

opening that allows airflow between neighboring alveoli

Upper border of mandibular body that contains the lower teeth.

Curved, inferior margin of the maxilla that supports and anchors the upper teeth.

cluster of alveoli

(of the breast) milk-secreting cells in the mammary gland

small, grape-like sac that performs gas exchange in the lungs

type of cell in the retina that connects to the bipolar cells near the outer synaptic layer and provides the basis for early image processing within the retina

hormones that are made from amino acids and contain a −NH3+ chemical group

Building block of proteins; characterized by an amino and carboxyl functional groups and a variable side-chain.

cavity that opens up between the inner cell mass and the trophoblast; develops into amnion

slightly mobile joint

Describes a molecule that exhibits a difference in polarity between its two ends, resulting in a difference in water solubility.

(of the uterine tube) middle portion of the uterine tube in which fertilization often occurs

nucleus deep in the temporal lobe of the cerebrum that is related to memory and emotional behavior

hormones that stimulate the synthesis of new, larger molecules

reactions that build smaller molecules into larger molecules

a non-oxygen-dependent process that breaks down glucose (sugar) to produce ATP

Active phase of the hair growth cycle.

final segment of the large intestine

recess between anal columns

posterior triangle of the perineum that includes the anus

Third stage of mitosis (and meiosis), during which sister chromatids separate into two new nuclear regions of a dividing cell.

(plural = anastomoses) area where vessels unite to allow blood to circulate even if there may be partial blockage in another branch
angioplasty

Line on the humerus located around the outside margin of the humeral head.

Standard reference position used for describing locations and directions on the human body.

science that studies the form and composition of the body’s structures

projecting, hair-like structures that prevent lymphatic capillary collapse

Mechanically attaches adjacent cells to each other or to the basement membrane.

Class of sex steroid hormones that includes testosterone, primary sex hormone in males

deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin

stem cells that give rise to blood vessels

formation of blood capillary networks

rat lungworm disease, caused by the parasitic nematode Angiostrongylus cantonensis carried by slugs and snails

protein produced by the enzymatic action of ACE on inactive angiotensin I; actively causes vasoconstriction and stimulates aldosterone release by the adrenal cortex

the enzyme that converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II

Protein secreted by the liver that is eventually converted into angiotensin II, which has more potent effects on blood pressure

Rounded corner located at outside margin of the body and ramus junction.

Portion of rib with greatest curvature; together, the rib angles form the most posterior extent of the thoracic cage.

atom with a negative charge

Joint that separates the leg and foot portions of the lower limb; formed by the articulations between the talus bone of the foot inferiorly, and the distal end of the tibia, medial malleolus of the tibia, and lateral malleolus of the fibula superiorly.

muscle that opposes the action of an agonist

Describes the front or direction toward the front of the body; also referred to as ventral.

gray matter of the spinal cord containing multipolar lower motor neurons

One of the series of paired openings located on the anterior (ventral) side of the sacrum.

Anterior portion of the ring-like C1 (atlas) vertebra.

Narrow, anterior margin of the tibia that extends inferiorly from the tibial tuberosity.

Larger body cavity located anterior to the posterior (dorsal) body cavity; includes the serous membrane-lined pleural cavities for the lungs, pericardial cavity for the heart, and peritoneal cavity for the abdominal and pelvic organs; also referred to as ventral cavity.

(anterior flexor compartment of the forearm) deep and superficial muscles that originate on the humerus and insert into the hand

region that includes muscles that flex the thigh and extend the leg

division of the corticospinal pathway that travels through the ventral (anterior) column of the spinal cord and controls axial musculature through the medial motor neurons in the ventral (anterior) horn

Shallowest and most anterior cranial fossa of the cranial base that extends from the frontal bone to the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone.

intracapsular ligament of the knee; extends from anterior, superior surface of the tibia to the inner aspect of the lateral condyle of the femur; resists hyperextension of knee

Small, bony projection located on the anterior margin of the ilium, below the anterior superior iliac spine.

(also, left anterior descending artery or LAD) major branch of the left coronary artery that follows the anterior interventricular sulcus

sulcus located between the left and right ventricles on the anterior surface of the heart

Ligament that runs the length of the vertebral column, uniting the anterior aspects of the vertebral bodies.

Anterior lobe of the pituitary gland that secretes hormones in response to releasing hormones from the hypothalamus (also called adenohypophysis)

Rounded, anterior end of the iliac crest.

branches from the popliteal artery; supplies blood to the anterior tibial region; becomes the dorsalis pedis artery

forms from the dorsal venous arch; drains the area near the tibialis anterior muscle and leads to the popliteal vein

type of memory loss that occurs when a person can't form new memories

the transport of substances from neuron soma toward axon terminals

(also, immunoglobulins or gamma globulins) antigen-specific proteins produced by specialized B lymphocytes that protect the body by binding to foreign objects such as bacteria and viruses

antigen-specific protein secreted by plasma cells; immunoglobulin

Consecutive sequence of three nucleotides on a tRNA molecule that is complementary to a specific codon on an mRNA molecule.

hypothalamic hormone that is stored by the posterior pituitary and that signals the kidneys to reabsorb water (also called vasopressin or arginine vasopressin)

molecule recognized by the receptors of B and T lymphocytes

binding of processed antigen to the protein-binding cleft of a major histocompatibility complex molecule

the degree to which an antigen binds a T or B cell receptor

a drug that counteracts the effects of histamine

a relatively short chain of amino acids with anti-bacterial, -viral or -fungal properties

Compounds that inhibit oxidation, a chemical reaction that can produce free radicals.

fever-reducing medications

fluid-filled chamber that characterizes a mature tertiary (antral) follicle

Tough, fibrous outer portion of an intervertebral disc, which is strongly anchored to the bodies of the adjacent vertebrae.

absence of urine produced; production of 50 mL or less per day

largest artery in the body, originating from the left ventricle and descending to the abdominal region where it bifurcates into the common iliac arteries at the level of the fourth lumbar vertebra; arteries originating from the aorta distribute blood to virtually all tissues of the body

descends toward the inferior portions of the body and ends at the level of the intervertebral disk between the fourth and fifth thoracic vertebrae

opening in the diaphragm that allows passage of the thoracic aorta into the abdominal region where it becomes the abdominal aorta

small pockets in the ascending aorta near the aortic valve that are the locations of the baroreceptors (stretch receptors) and chemoreceptors that trigger a reflex that aids in the regulation of vascular homeostasis

most common condition resulting from stenosis and it can be heard during auscultation as a high-pitched hum due to the turbulence created as the blood is forced through the narrowed valve

(also, aortic semilunar valve) valve located at the base of the aorta

an antigen presenting cells, namely macrophages and dendritic cells

tip of the external nose

loss of ability to understand or express speech, caused by brain damage

That part of a cell or tissue which, in general, faces an open space.

network of neurons within the pons that stimulate the neurons in the dorsal respiratory group; controls the depth of inspiration

Release of a substance along with the apical portion of the cell.

Type of sweat gland that is associated with hair follicles in the armpits and genital regions.

broad, tendon-like sheet of connective tissue that attaches a skeletal muscle to another skeletal muscle or to a bone

Programmed cell death.

of the arms and legs

All bones of the upper and lower limbs, plus the girdle bones that attach each limb to the axial skeleton.

(vermiform appendix) coiled tube attached to the cecum

protein-forming water channels through the lipid bilayer of the cell; allows water to cross; activation in the collecting ducts is under the control of ADH

watery fluid that fills the anterior chamber containing the cornea, iris, ciliary body, and lens of the eye

outpocket of the arachnoid membrane into the dural sinuses that allows for reabsorption of CSF into the blood

middle layer of the meninges named for the spider-web–like trabeculae that extend between it and the pia mater

filaments between the arachnoid and pia mater within the subarachnoid space

the cerebellar white matter, so called for its branched, tree-like appearance

division of the interlobar arteries

Smooth ridge located at the inferior margin of the iliac fossa; forms the lateral portion of the pelvic brim.

highly pigmented, circular area surrounding the raised nipple and containing areolar glands that secrete fluid important for lubrication during suckling

(Also, loose connective tissue) a type of connective tissue proper that shows little specialization with cells dispersed in the matrix.

Region of the upper limb located between the shoulder and elbow joints; contains the humerus bone.

Smooth muscle that is activated in response to external stimuli that pull on hair follicles and make the hair “stand up.”

unusual rhythm of heartbeats where the heart is beating too slowly, too quickly, or irregularly

(also, circle of Willis) anastomosis located at the base of the brain that ensures continual blood supply; formed from branches of the internal carotid and vertebral arteries; supplies blood to the brain

(also, resistance vessel) very small artery that leads to a capillary

short vessel connecting an arteriole directly to a venule and bypassing the capillary beds

blood vessel that conducts blood away from the heart; may be a conducting or distributing vessel

connective tissue structure that encloses the joint cavity of a synovial joint

Thin layer of cartilage covering an epiphysis; reduces friction and acts as a shock absorber.

Smooth ridge located on the inferior skull, immediately anterior to the mandibular fossa.

Where two bone surfaces meet.

occurs when an antigen is intentionally injected into the body for the sake of generating antibodies and memory lymphocytes such as with vaccines

initial portion of the aorta, rising from the left ventricle for a distance of approximately 5 cm

first region of the colon

a common excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter of the spinal cord among other roles

glial cell type of the CNS that provides support for neurons and maintains the blood-brain barrier

glial cells that envelop the capillaries in the brain

A type of benign hypertrophy that involves hypertrophy of primarily the myocardium of the left ventricular and not the interventricular septum

First cervical (C1) vertebra.

amount of force that is exerted by gases in the air surrounding any given surface

smallest unit of an element that retains the unique properties of that element.

number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

The simplest form of matter that can be combined to make molecules.

protein pore complex that creates ATP

most common arrhythmia that starts in the atria

peptide hormone produced by the walls of the atria in response to high blood pressure, blood volume, or blood sodium that reduces the reabsorption of sodium and water in the kidneys and promotes vasodilation

(also, called Bainbridge reflex) autonomic reflex that responds to stretch receptors in the atria that send impulses to the cardioaccelerator area to increase HR when venous flow into the atria increases

atrial contraction phase follows atrial depolarization which is represented by the P wave of the ECG

clump of myocardial cells located in the inferior portion of the right atrium within the atrioventricular septum; receives the impulse from the SA node, pauses, and then transmits it into specialized conducting cells within the interventricular septum

(also, bundle of His) group of specialized myocardial conductile cells that transmit the impulse from the AV node through the interventricular septum; form the left and right atrioventricular bundle branches

(also, left or right bundle branches) specialized myocardial conductile cells that arise from the bifurcation of the atrioventricular bundle and pass through the interventricular septum; lead to the Purkinje fibers and also to the right papillary muscle via the moderator band

cardiac septum located between the atria and ventricles; atrioventricular valves are located here

one-way valves located between the atria and ventricles; the valve on the right is called the tricuspid valve, and the one on the left is the mitral or bicuspid valve

(plural = atria) upper or receiving chamber of the heart that pumps blood into the lower chambers just prior to their contraction; the right atrium receives blood from the systemic circuit that flows into the right ventricle; the left atrium receives blood from the pulmonary circuit that flows into the left ventricle

Loss of mass and function.

extension of an atrium visible on the superior surface of the heart

Roughened area located on the posterior, medial side of the ilium of the hip bone; articulates with the auricular surface of the sacrum to form the sacroiliac joint.

chemical signal that elicits a response in the same cell that secreted it

a pathologic adaptive immune response against your own tissues

functional division of the nervous system that is responsible for homeostatic reflexes that coordinate control of cardiac and smooth muscle, as well as glandular tissue

reflex carried by autonomic nerves with effectors consisting of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle or glands

regulate the ability of the autonomic nervous system to influence heart rate

tendency of an organ system to be governed by one division of the autonomic nervous system over the other, such as heart rate being lowered by parasympathetic input at rest

ability of cardiac muscle to initiate its own electrical impulse that triggers the mechanical contraction that pumps blood at a fixed pace without nervous or endocrine control

in humans, the 22 pairs of chromosomes that are not the sex chromosomes (XX or XY)

pattern of dominant inheritance that corresponds to a gene on one of the 22 autosomal chromosomes

pattern of recessive inheritance that corresponds to a gene on one of the 22 autosomal chromosomes

a muscle anterior to the middle scalene

Central, vertical axis of the body, including the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage.

continuation of the subclavian artery as it penetrates the body wall and enters the axillary region; supplies blood to the region near the head of the humerus (humeral circumflex arteries); the majority of the vessel continues into the brachium and becomes the brachial artery

systemic nerve of the arm that arises from the brachial plexus

major vein in the axillary region; drains the upper limb and becomes the subclavian vein

Second cervical (C2) vertebra.

single process of the neuron that carries an electrical signal (action potential) away from the cell body toward a target cell

tapering of the neuron cell body that gives rise to the axon

end of the axon, where there are usually several branches extending toward the target cell

cytoplasm of an axon, which is different in composition than the cytoplasm of the neuronal cell body

originates in the lumbar region and passes through the diaphragm into the thoracic cavity on the right side of the vertebral column; drains blood from the intercostal veins, esophageal veins, bronchial veins, and other veins draining the mediastinal region; leads to the superior vena cava

lymphocyte that acts by differentiating into an antibody-secreting plasma cell

(also, B cells) lymphocytes that defend the body against specific pathogens and thereby provide specific immunity

peptide hormone produced by the walls of the ventricles of the heart in response to high blood pressure, blood volume, or blood sodium that reduces the reabsorption of sodium and water in the kidneys and promotes vasodilation (also called brain natriuretic peptide, although this is misleading as the heart is the main source of BNP in the human body)

abduction and dorsiflexion of the toes in response to testing of the plantar reflex

single-celled, prokaryotic microorganisms

bacteria in the large intestine

(also, called atrial reflex) autonomic reflex that responds to stretch receptors in the atria that send impulses to the cardioaccelerator area to increase HR when venous flow into the atria increases

mechanoreceptor that senses the stretch of blood vessels to indicate changes in blood pressure

Type of stem cell found in the stratum basale and in the hair matrix that continually undergoes cell division, producing the keratinocytes of the epidermis.

Cancer that originates from basal cells in the epidermis of the skin.

Thin extracellular layer that lies underneath epithelial cells and separates them from other tissues.

amount of energy expended by the body at rest

nuclei of the cerebrum (with a few components in the upper brain stem and diencephalon) that are responsible for assessing cortical movement commands and comparing them with the general state of the individual through broad modulatory activity of dopamine neurons; largely related to motor functions, as evidenced through the symptoms of Parkinson’s and Huntington’s diseases

Compound that accepts hydrogen ions (H+) in solution.

Expanded, proximal end of each metatarsal bone.

in epithelial tissue, a thin layer of fibrous material that anchors the epithelial tissue to the underlying connective tissue; made up of the basal lamina and reticular lamina

blood vessel from the merged vertebral arteries that runs along the dorsal surface of the brain stem

in the ear, the floor of the cochlear duct on which the organ of Corti sits

superficial vein of the arm that arises from the palmar venous arches, intersects with the median cubital vein, parallels the ulnar vein, and continues into the upper arm; along with the brachial vein, it leads to the axillary vein

granulocytes with histidine containing granules and are implicated in allergies

granulocytes that stain with a basic (alkaline) stain and store histamine and heparin

Sore on the skin that develops when regions of the body start necrotizing due to constant pressure and lack of blood supply; also called decubitis ulcers.

bulky central body of a muscle

one of the receptors to which epinephrine and norepinephrine bind, which comes in three subtypes: β1, β2, and β3

pancreatic islet cell type that produces the hormone insulin

two

type of diarthrosis; a joint that allows for movements within two planes (two axes)

two-headed muscle that crosses the shoulder and elbow joints to flex the forearm while assisting in supinating it and flexing the arm at the shoulder

hamstring muscle

Intertubercular groove; narrow groove located between the greater and lesser tubercles of the humerus.

(also, mitral valve or left atrioventricular valve) valve located between the left atrium and ventricle; consists of two flaps of tissue

alkaline solution produced by the liver and important for the emulsification of lipids

salts that are released from the liver in response to lipid ingestion and surround the insoluble triglycerides to aid in their conversion to monoglycerides and free fatty acids

yellowish bile pigment produced when iron is removed from heme and is further broken down into waste products

green bile pigment produced when the non-iron portion of heme is degraded into a waste product; converted to bilirubin in the liver

class of neurotransmitters that are enzymatically derived from amino acids but no longer contain a carboxyl group such as serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine

pennate muscle that has fascicles that are located on both sides of the tendon

cell type in the retina that connects the photoreceptors to the RGCs

shape of a neuron with two processes extending from the neuron cell body—the axon and one dendrite

fluid-filled cavity of the blastocyst

term for the conceptus at the developmental stage that consists of about 100 cells shaped into an inner cell mass that is fated to become the embryo and an outer trophoblast that is fated to become the associated fetal membranes and placenta

daughter cell of a cleavage

liquid connective tissue composed of formed elements—erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets—and a fluid extracellular matrix called plasma; component of the cardiovascular system

created by plasma proteins, namely albumin, that do not diffuse readily across the capillary membrane and serves to hold water within the vascular space

pressure exerted by colloids suspended in blood within a vessel; a primary determinant is the presence of plasma proteins

movement of blood through a vessel, tissue, or organ that is usually expressed in terms of volume per unit of time

force blood exerts against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber

force exerted by the blood against the wall of a vessel or heart chamber; can be described with the more generic term hydrostatic pressure

physical barrier between the neurons and circulating blood

physiological barrier between the circulatory system and the central nervous system that establishes a privileged blood supply, restricting the flow of substances into the CNS

mid-portion of the stomach

relative amount of body weight compared to the overall height; a BMI ranging from 18–24.9 is considered normal weight, 25–29.9 is considered overweight, and greater than 30 is considered obese

Shaft portion of a rib.

relationship between blood pH and oxygen dissociation from hemoglobin

mass of chewed food

Electrical force linking atoms.

Hard, dense connective tissue that forms the structural elements of the skeleton.

diagnostic test of a sample of red bone marrow

treatment in which a donor’s healthy bone marrow with its stem cells replaces diseased or damaged bone marrow of a patient

cup-shaped sack lined by a simple squamous epithelium (parietal surface) and specialized cells called podocytes (visceral surface) that participate in the filtration process; receives the filtrate which then passes on to the PCTs

relationship between volume and pressure as described by the formula: P1V1 = P2V2

continuation of the axillary artery in the brachium; supplies blood to much of the brachial region; gives off several smaller branches that provide blood to the posterior surface of the arm in the region of the elbow; bifurcates into the radial and ulnar arteries at the coronoid fossa

nerve plexus associated with the lower cervical spinal nerves and first thoracic spinal nerve

trauma that results in partial or complete tearing of part of the brachial plexus

deeper vein of the arm that forms from the radial and ulnar veins in the lower arm; leads to the axillary vein

muscle deep to the biceps brachii that provides power in flexing the forearm.

(also, brachiocephalic trunk) single vessel located on the right side of the body; the first vessel branching from the aortic arch; gives rise to the right subclavian artery and the right common carotid artery; supplies blood to the head, neck, upper limb, and wall of the thoracic region

one of a pair of veins that form from a fusion of the external and internal jugular veins and the subclavian vein; subclavian, external and internal jugulars, vertebral, and internal thoracic veins lead to it; drains the upper thoracic region and flows into the superior vena cava

muscle that can flex the forearm quickly or help lift a load slowly

condition of having a heart rate (HR) below 50 beats per minute (bpm)

the large organ of the CNS composed of white and gray matter, contained within the cranium and continuous with the spinal cord

Portion of the skull that contains and protects the brain, consisting of the eight bones that form the cranial base and rounded upper skull.

region of the adult brain that includes the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata and develops from the mesencephalon, metencephalon, and myelencephalon of the embryonic brain

weak and irregular peristaltic contractions that can occur in the second and third trimesters; they do not indicate that childbirth is imminent

short

portion of the external nose that lies in the area of the nasal bones

region of the frontal lobe associated with the motor commands necessary for speech production and located only in the cerebral hemisphere responsible for language production, which is the left side in approximately 95 percent of the population

collective name for the multiple branches of the bronchi and bronchioles of the respiratory system

drains the systemic circulation from the lungs and leads to the azygos vein

branch of bronchi that are 1 mm or less in diameter and terminate at alveolar sacs

decrease in the size of the bronchiole due to relaxation of the muscular wall

increase in the size of the bronchiole due to contraction of the muscular wall

tube connected to the trachea that branches into many subsidiaries and provides a passageway for air to enter and leave the lungs

bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue, lymphoid nodule associated with the respiratory tract

highly vascularized fat tissue that is packed with mitochondria; these properties confer the ability to oxidize fatty acids to generate heat

injury in which one half (left or right) of the spinal cord is severed

localized bleeding under the skin due to damaged blood vessels

fuzzy appearance of the small intestinal mucosa created by microvilli

muscle that compresses the cheek

Solution containing a weak acid or a weak base that opposes wide fluctuations in the pH of body fluids.

thin, pale layer of leukocytes and platelets that separates the erythrocytes from the plasma in a sample of centrifuged blood

(also, Cowper’s glands) glands that secrete a lubricating mucus that cleans and lubricates the urethra prior to and during ejaculation

encapsulated nerve endings that detect skin stretch

(also, atrioventricular bundle) group of specialized myocardial conductile cells that transmit the impulse from the AV node through the interventricular septum; form the left and right atrioventricular bundle branches

connective tissue sac containing lubricating fluid that prevents friction between adjacent structures, such as skin and bone, tendons and bone, or between muscles

a protein associated with stress, inflammation and psychophysiological disorders

complement protein that fragments into C3a and C3b. C3a enhances inflammation and C3b is an opsonin and activates C5

complement protein that fragments into C5a and C5b. C5a enhances inflammation C5b initiates formation of the MAC by triggering the interaction of C6, C7, C8 and several C9s

Heel bone; posterior, inferior tarsal bone that forms the heel of the foot.

peptide hormone produced and secreted by the parafollicular cells (C cells) of the thyroid gland that functions to decrease blood calcium levels

active form of vitamin D produced by the kidneys that activates vitamin D receptors and genes controlled by those receptors

proteins that pump Ca++ ions out of the cytoplasm to the ER or extracellular space

Thickened area of skin that arises due to constant abrasion.

amount of heat it takes to raise 1 kg (1000 g) of water by 1 °C

(Also, skullcap) rounded top of the skull.

cup-like structures receiving urine from the collecting ducts where it passes on to the renal pelvis and ureter

cell adhesion molecules that promote intercellular binding

(Singular = canaliculus) channels within the bone matrix that house one of an osteocyte’s many cytoplasmic extensions that it uses to communicate and receive nutrients.

ability of a vein to distend and store blood

process that occurs in the female reproductive tract in which sperm are prepared for fertilization; leads to increased motility and changes in their outer membrane that improve their ability to release enzymes capable of digesting an oocyte’s outer layers

smallest of blood vessels where physical exchange occurs between the blood and tissue cells surrounded by interstitial fluid

network of 10–100 capillaries connecting arterioles to venules

force blood exerts against a capillary

From the lateral side, the third of the four distal carpal bones; articulates with the scaphoid and lunate proximally, the trapezoid laterally, the hamate medially, and primarily with the third metacarpal distally.

Knob-like bony structure located anteriorly on the lateral, distal end of the humerus.

molecule that activates nociceptors by interacting with a temperature-sensitive ion channel and is the basis for “hot” sensations in spicy food

bound form of hemoglobin and carbon dioxide

Class of organic compounds built from sugars, molecules containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1-2-1 ratio.

(from Latin carbo 'coal') is a chemical element with the symbol C and atomic number 6. Widely distributed in nature, it forms more compounds than all the other elements combined.

enzyme that catalyzes the reaction that causes carbon dioxide and water to form carbonic acid

(also, cardiac region) part of the stomach surrounding the cardiac orifice (esophageal hiatus)

preganglionic sympathetic fibers that cause the heart rate to increase when the cardiovascular center in the medulla initiates a signal

area within the medulla oblongata that regulates heart rate through the nervous and endocrine systems

period of time between the onset of atrial contraction (atrial systole) and ventricular relaxation (ventricular diastole)

Heart muscle, under involuntary control, composed of striated cells that attach to form fibers, each cell contains a single nucleus, contracts autonomously.

depression in the medial surface of the inferior lobe of the left lung where the apex of the heart is located

amount of blood pumped by each ventricle during one minute; equals HR multiplied by SV

difference between maximum and resting CO

condition where the heart is not able to pump blood anymore

sends sympathetic signals to increase heart rate and force of contraction

sends parasympathetic signals via the vagus nerves

region in the medulla that controls the cardiovascular system through cardiac accelerator nerves and vasomotor nerves, which are components of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

Zig-zag tunnel providing passage through the base of the skull for the internal carotid artery to the brain; begins anteromedial to the styloid process and terminates in the middle cranial cavity, near the posterior-lateral base of the sella turcica.

small pockets near the base of the internal carotid arteries that are the locations of the baroreceptors and chemoreceptors that trigger a reflex that aids in the regulation of vascular homeostasis

One of the eight small bones that form the wrist and base of the hand; these are grouped as a proximal row consisting of (from lateral to medial) the scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, and pisiform bones, and a distal row containing (from lateral to medial) the trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate bones.

Passageway between the anterior forearm and hand formed by the carpal bones and flexor retinaculum.

Articulation between one of the carpal bones in the distal row and a metacarpal bone of the hand.

heterozygous individual who does not display symptoms of a recessive genetic disorder but can transmit the disorder to his or her offspring

Membrane proteins that bind to a substrate and change its shape to transport the substrate across the membrane.

Semi-rigid connective tissue found on the skeleton in areas where flexibility and smooth surfaces support movement.

joint at which the bones are united by hyaline cartilage (synchondrosis) or fibrocartilage (symphysis)

hormones that stimulate the breakdown of larger molecules

reactions that break down larger molecules into their constituent parts

Breakdown of molecules into smaller molecules or energy

Transitional phase marking the end of the anagen phase of the hair growth cycle.

Substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself being changed in the process.

atom with a positive charge

bundle of spinal nerve roots that descend from the lower spinal cord below the first lumbar vertebra and lie within the vertebral cavity; has the appearance of a horse's tail

Describes a position below or lower than another part of the body proper; near or toward the tail (in humans, the coccyx, or lowest part of the spinal column); also referred to as inferior.

nucleus deep in the cerebrum that is part of the basal nuclei; along with the putamen, it is part of the striatum

enlarged vein that receives blood from most of the other cerebral veins and the eye socket, and leads to the petrosal sinus

Th , helper T cells, T cells that express the surface protein CD4

pouch forming the beginning of the large intestine

(also, celiac artery) major branch of the abdominal aorta; gives rise to the left gastric artery, the splenic artery, and the common hepatic artery that forms the hepatic artery to the liver, the right gastric artery to the stomach, and the cystic artery to the gallbladder

The basic structural unit of all organisms.

Life cycle of a single cell, from its birth until its division into two new daughter cells.

Point of cell-to-cell contact that connects one cell to another in a tissue.

Membrane surrounding all animal cells, composed of a lipid bilayer interspersed with various molecules; also known as plasma membrane.

adaptive immunity activated by helper T cell subclass Th1, involving TC

production of ATP from glucose oxidation via glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation

bone-like tissue covering the root of a tooth

Longitudinal channel in the center of each osteon; contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels; also known as the Haversian canal.

anatomical division of the nervous system located within the cranial and vertebral cavities, namely the brain and spinal cord

specifically referring to the cell body of a neuron in the autonomic system that is located in the central nervous system, specifically the lateral horn of the spinal cord or a brain stem nucleus

B cell tolerance induced in immature B cells of the bone marrow

vein that receives blood from hepatic sinusoids

Small, self-replicating organelle that provides the origin for microtubule growth and moves DNA during cell division.

Region of attachment for two sister chromatids.

Cellular structure that organizes microtubules during cell division.

Relating to the head.

(also, reflex phase) initial phase of gastric secretion that occurs before food enters the stomach

superficial vessel in the upper arm; leads to the axillary vein

receives information from most parts of the body

two divisions of the cerebellum on either side of the vermis

deep cerebellar nuclei

region of the adult brain connected primarily to the pons that developed from the metencephalon (along with the pons) and is largely responsible for comparing information from the cerebrum with sensory feedback from the periphery through the spinal cord

connection of the ventricular system between the third and fourth ventricles located in the midbrain

outer gray matter covering the forebrain, marked by wrinkles and folds known as gyri and sulci

one half of the bilaterally symmetrical cerebrum

white matter corticospinal tracts that connect the upper motor neurons of the primary motor cortex to the lower motor neurons in the spinal cord

clear liquid produced within spaces in the brain called ventricles

circulatory fluid within the CNS that is produced by ependymal cells in choroid plexuses

region of the adult brain that develops from the telencephalon and is responsible for higher neurological functions such as memory, emotion, and consciousness

Relating to the neck.

Posteriorly concave curvature of the cervical vertebral column region; a secondary curve of the vertebral column.

region of the ventral (anterior) horn of the spinal cord that has a larger population of motor neurons for the greater number of and finer control of muscles of the upper limb

nerve plexus associated with the upper cervical spinal nerves

Seven vertebrae numbered as C1–C7 that are located in the neck region of the vertebral column.

elongate inferior end of the uterus where it connects to the vagina

Membrane-spanning protein that has an inner pore which allows the passage of one or more substances.

the attraction between two or more atoms that allows them to be able to form a stable chemical compound. The three main types include covalent, ionic, and hydrogen bonds. 

enzymatic breakdown of food

Form of energy that is absorbed as chemical bonds form, stored as they are maintained, and released as they are broken.

a one- or two-letter designation of an element. Short notation derived from the scientific name of a chemical element. Some examples of chemical symbols are O for oxygen, Zn for zinc, S for sulfur.

connection between two neurons, or between a neuron and its target, where a neurotransmitter diffuses across a very short distance

soluble, long-range, cell-to-cell communication molecule

sensory receptor cell that is sensitive to chemical stimuli, such as in taste, smell, or pain

cells following a chemical concentration gradient such as leukocytes following a chemokine trail toward a site of injury

gastric gland cell that secretes pepsinogen

peptide hormone released from the small intestine that promotes secretion of pancreatic enzymes and release of bile from the gallbladder

system neurotransmitter system of acetylcholine, which includes its receptors and the
enzyme acetylcholinesterase

Cells of the cartilage.

string-like extensions of tough connective tissue that extend from the flaps of the atrioventricular valves to the papillary muscles

membrane that develops from the syncytiotrophoblast, cytotrophoblast, and mesoderm; surrounds the embryo and forms the fetal portion of the placenta through the chorionic villi

projections of the chorionic membrane that burrow into the endometrium and develop into the placenta

highly vascular tissue in the wall of the eye that supplies the outer retina with blood

specialized structures containing ependymal cells lining blood capillaries that filter blood to produce CSF in the four ventricles of the brain

neuroendocrine cells of the adrenal medulla

neuroendocrine cells of the adrenal medulla that release epinephrine and norepinephrine into the bloodstream as part of sympathetic system activity

Substance consisting of DNA and associated proteins.

Condensed version of chromatin.

factors that can change heart rate

lipid-rich lymph inside the lymphatic capillaries of the small intestine

large lipid-transport compound made up of triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins

vesicles containing cholesterol and triglycerides that transport lipids out of the intestinal cells and into the lymphatic and circulatory systems

soupy liquid created when food is mixed with digestive juices

pancreatic enzyme that digests protein

Small appendage on certain cells formed by microtubules and modified for movement of materials across the cellular surface.

smooth muscle structure on the interior surface of the iris that controls the shape of the lens through the zonule fibers

one of the terminal ganglia of the parasympathetic system, located in the posterior orbit, axons from which project to the iris

Approximately 24-hour cycle of physiological changes that occur in part due to neural stimuli daily hormonal fluctuations

unique anatomical arrangement of blood vessels around the base of the brain that maintains perfusion of blood into the brain even if one component of the structure is blocked or narrowed

(also, sphincter) fascicles that are concentrically arranged around an opening

(also, plica circulare) deep fold in the mucosa and submucosa of the small intestine

hormones secreted into the extracellular fluid and diffuse into the blood or lymph, where they can be carried throughout the body

also simply called shock; a life-threatening medical condition in which the circulatory system is unable to supply enough blood flow to provide adequate oxygen and other nutrients to the tissues to maintain cellular metabolism

branch of the left coronary artery that follows coronary sulcus

a chronic disease of the liver marked by degeneration of cells, inflammation, and fibrous thickening of tissue. It is typically a result of alcoholism or hepatitis

bag-like vessel that forms the beginning of the thoracic duct

also called the Krebs cycle or the tricarboxylic acid cycle; converts pyruvate into CO2 and high-energy FADH2, NADH, and ATP molecules

ability of B cells to change the class of antibody they produce without altering the
specificity for antigen, aka isotype switching

complement proteins are activated by the presence of pathogen bound antibodies

Collarbone; elongated bone that articulates with the manubrium of the sternum medially and the acromion of the scapula laterally.

Paired notches located on the superior-lateral sides of the sternal manubrium, for articulation with the clavicle.

form of mitotic cell division in which the cell divides but the total volume remains unchanged; this process serves to produce smaller and smaller cells

(also, glans clitoris) nerve-rich area of the vulva that contributes to sexual sensation during intercourse

proliferation of B lymphocytes with a specific antigen receptor into a population with varying degree of antigen binding strength

Manual manipulation of a broken bone to set it into its natural position without surgery.

Also called coagulation; complex process by which blood components form a plug to stop bleeding.

group of 12 identified substances active in coagulation

formation of a blood clot; part of the process of hemostasis

Small bone located at inferior end of the adult vertebral column that is formed by the fusion of four coccygeal vertebrae; also referred to as the “tailbone.”

auditory portion of the inner ear containing structures to transduce sound stimuli

space within the auditory portion of the inner ear that contains the organ of Corti and is adjacent to the scala tympani and scala vestibuli on either side

pattern of inheritance that corresponds to the equal, distinct, and simultaneous expression of two different alleles

Consecutive sequence of three nucleotides on an mRNA molecule that corresponds to a specific amino acid.

Flexible fibrous proteins that give connective tissue tensile strength.

Liquid mixture in which the solute particles consist of clumps of molecules large enough to scatter light.

part of the large intestine between the cecum and the rectum

glycoproteins that trigger the proliferation and differentiation of myeloblasts into granular leukocytes (basophils, neutrophils, and eosinophils)

thick, yellowish substance secreted from a mother’s breasts in the first postpartum days; rich in immunoglobulins

structure formed by the union of the common hepatic duct and the gallbladder’s cystic duct

right common carotid artery arises from the brachiocephalic artery, and the left common carotid arises from the aortic arch; gives rise to the external and internal carotid arteries; supplies the respective sides of the head and neck

branch of the celiac trunk that forms the hepatic artery, the right gastric artery, and the cystic artery

duct formed by the merger of the two hepatic ducts

branch of the aorta that leads to the internal and external iliac arteries

one of a pair of veins that flows into the inferior vena cava at the level of L5; the left common iliac vein drains the sacral region; divides into external and internal iliac veins near the inferior portion of the sacroiliac joint

final coagulation pathway activated either by the intrinsic or the extrinsic pathway, and ending in the formation of a blood clot

the autonomic branches of a spinal nerve consisting of either preganglionic or postganglionic sympathetic neurons

Dense osseous tissue that can withstand compressive forces.

enzymatic cascade of constitutive blood proteins that have anti-pathogen effects, including
the direct killing of bacteria

degree to which a blood vessel can stretch as opposed to being rigid

Substance composed of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds.

deep perineal muscle in women

Number of particles within a given space.

Difference in the concentration of a substance between two regions.

muscle contraction that shortens the muscle to move a load

pre-implantation stage of a fertilized egg and its associated membranes

cells that initiate and propagate the action potential (the electrical impulse) that travels throughout the heart

specialized cells that transmit electrical impulses throughout the heart and trigger contraction by the myocardial contractile cells

region of the respiratory system that includes the organs and structures that provide passageways for air and are not directly involved in gas exchange

transfer of heat through physical contact

Thickened upward projection from posterior margin of mandibular ramus.

Oval-shaped process located at the top of the condylar process of the mandible.

Type of tissue that serves to hold in place, connect, and integrate the body’s organs and systems.

Connective tissue that encapsulates organs and lines movable joints.

Connective tissue containing a viscous matrix, fibers, and cells.

domain part of a lymphocyte antigen receptor that does not vary much between different
receptor types

slow propagation of an action potential along an unmyelinated axon owing to voltage-gated Na+ channels located along the entire length of the cell membrane

these cells conduct impulses and undergo contractions that pump blood through the body

twitch contraction phase when tension increases

word meaning “on the opposite side,” as in axons that cross the midline in a fiber tract

reflex in which receptor and effector are on opposite sides of the body

Compares values to their normal range; deviations cause the activation of an effector.

the end of the spinal cord that tapers into a point

transfer of heat between the skin and air or water

fascicles that extend over a broad area and converge on a common attachment site

a neuron circuit by which several input neurons converge onto one neuron

Strong band of connective tissue that anchors the coracoid process of the scapula to the lateral clavicle; provides important indirect support for the acromioclavicular joint.

Short, hook-like process that projects anteriorly and laterally from the superior margin of the scapula.

Type of callus that is named for its shape and the elliptical motion of the abrasive force.

fibrous covering of the anterior region of the eye that is transparent so that light can pass through it

in an oocyte, a layer of granulosa cells that surrounds the oocyte and that must be penetrated by sperm before fertilization can occur

Joint that unites the frontal bone to the right and left parietal bones across the top of the skull.

branches of the ascending aorta that supply blood to the heart; the left coronary artery feeds the left side of the heart, the left atrium and ventricle, and the interventricular septum; the right coronary artery feeds the right atrium, portions of both ventricles, and the heart conduction system

also known as coronary heart disease, is characterized by the buildup of plaque (atherosclerosis), which is a fatty material including cholesterol, within the coronary arteries

circulation of blood in the blood vessels that supply the heart muscle

large, thin-walled vein on the posterior surface of the heart that lies within the atrioventricular sulcus and drains the heart myocardium directly into the right atrium

sulcus that marks the boundary between the atria and ventricles

vessels that drain the heart and generally parallel the large surface arteries

Depression on the anterior surface of the humerus above the trochlea; this space receives the coronoid process of the ulna when the elbow is maximally flexed.

Flattened upward projection from the anterior margin of the mandibular ramus.

Projecting bony lip located on the anterior, proximal ulna; forms the inferior margin of the trochlear notch.

superior and inferior colliculi that are parts of the visual and the auditory pathways respectively

nonfunctional structure remaining in the ovarian stroma following structural and functional regression of the corpus luteum

large white matter structure that connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres

transformed follicle after ovulation that secretes progesterone

(plural = corpora cavernosa) column of erectile tissue in the penis that fills with blood during an erection and surrounds the penile urethra on the ventral portion of the penis

major input site of the basal ganglia (or basal nuclei)

prime mover of the eyebrows

In hair, the second or middle layer of keratinocytes originating from the hair matrix, as seen in a cross-section of the hair bulb.

nephrons with loops of Henle that do not extend into the renal medulla

following fertilization, the release of cortical granules from the oocyte’s plasma membrane into the zona pellucida creating a fertilization membrane that prevents any further attachment or penetration of sperm; part of the slow block to polyspermy

connection between the cortex and the brain stem responsible for generating movement

connection between the cortex and the spinal cord responsible for generating movement

glucocorticoid important in gluconeogenesis, the catabolism of glycogen, and downregulation of the immune system

Hyaline cartilage structure attached to the anterior end of each rib that provides for either direct or indirect attachment of most ribs to the sternum.

Site on the lateral sides of a thoracic vertebra for articulation with the head of a rib.

Shallow groove along the inferior margin of a rib that provides passage for blood vessels and a nerve.

Band of connective tissue that unites the medial clavicle with the first rib.

involves the descending and ascending loops of Henle directing forming urine in opposing directions to create a concentration gradient when combined with variable permeability and sodium pumping

Chemical bond in which two atoms share electrons, thereby completing their valence shells.

chemical bond in which two atoms share electrons, thereby completing their valence shells.

coronavirus disease-2019 caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) responsible for a worldwide pandemic in the year 2020

Hip bone.

Describes a position above or higher than another part of the body proper; also referred to as superior.

Interior space of the skull that houses the brain.

one of twelve nerves connected to the brain that are responsible for sensory or motor functions of the head and neck

reflex carried by cranial nerves with an integration center within the brain

Skull.

phosphagen used to store energy from ATP and transfer it to muscle

surrounds each testis like a muscular sling; contracts to elevate the testes when exposed to cold

Small, flattened areas with numerous small openings, located to either side of the midline in the floor of the anterior cranial fossa; formed by the ethmoid bone.

portion of the larynx composed of a ring of cartilage with a wide posterior region and a thinner anterior region; attached to the esophagus

Small upward projection located at the midline in the floor of the anterior cranial fossa; formed by the ethmoid bone.

blood test for identification of blood type using antibodies and small samples of blood

reflex that causes limb extension and occurs simultaneous and contralateral to the withdrawal reflex

portion of tooth visible superior to the gum line

colony-stimulating factors, induce proliferation of WBCs in the bone marrow

Tarsal bone that articulates posteriorly with the calcaneus bone, medially with the lateral cuneiform bone, and anteriorly with the fourth and fifth metatarsal bones.

specialized structure within the base of a semicircular canal that bends the stereocilia of hair cells when the head rotates by way of the relative movement of the enclosed fluid

the movement of charged particles from one area to another

(also, canine) pointed tooth used for tearing and shredding food

Skin; epithelial tissue made up of a stratified squamous epithelial cells that cover the outside of the body.

reflex elicited by stimulating receptors located in the skin

In hair, the outermost layer of keratinocytes originating from the hair matrix, as seen in a cross-section of the hair bulb.

second messenger that, in response to adenylyl cyclase activation, triggers a phosphorylation cascade

branch of the common hepatic artery; supplies blood to the gallbladder

duct through which bile drains and enters the gallbladder

soluble, short-range, cell-to-cell communication molecule

class of proteins that act as autocrine or paracrine signaling molecules; in the cardiovascular system, they stimulate the proliferation of progenitor cells and help to stimulate both nonspecific and specific resistance to disease

Final stage in cell division, where the cytoplasm divides to form two separate daughter cells.

Internal material between the cell membrane and nucleus of a cell, mainly consisting of a water-based fluid called cytosol, within which are all the other organelles and cellular solute and suspended materials.

“Skeleton” of a cell; formed by rod-like proteins that support the cell’s shape and provide, among other functions, locomotive abilities.

Clear, semi-fluid medium of the cytoplasm, made up mostly of water.

T lymphocytes with the ability to induce apoptosis in target cells

statement of the principle that a specific gas type in a mixture exerts its own pressure, as if that specific gas type was not part of a mixture of gasses

damage-associated molecular patterns recognized by PRRs of innate immunity

subcutaneous muscle layer of the scrotum; capable of tightening and wrinkling the scrotum when exposed to cold

Type of catabolic reaction in which one or more bonds within a larger molecule are broken, resulting in the release of smaller molecules or atoms.

to cross the midline, as in fibers that project from one side of the body to the other

when fibers cross from one side of a structure to the other side of a structure

Describes a position farther from the surface of the body.

branch of the femoral artery; gives rise to the lateral circumflex arteries

drains blood from the deeper portions of the thigh and leads to the femoral vein

clinical procedure used to test the stretch reflex in various muscles by tapping on the muscle tendon to stretch the muscle

deep perineal muscle in men

elimination of undigested substances from the body in the form of feces

a chemical class type of AMPs

antimicrobial proteins released from neutrophils and macrophages that create openings in the plasma membranes to kill cells

treatment which uses special paddles to apply an electric charge to the heart

three-stage process of swallowing

state of containing insufficient water in blood and other tissues

T cell-mediated immune response against pathogens infiltrating interstitial tissues, causing cellular infiltrate

minor cell type in the pancreas that secretes the hormone somatostatin

shoulder muscle that abducts the arm as well as flexes and medially rotates it, and extends and laterally rotates it

Roughened, V-shaped region located laterally on the mid-shaft of the humerus.

Change in the structure of a molecule through physical or chemical means.

one of many branchlike processes that extends from the neuron cell body and functions as a contact for incoming signals (synapses) from other neurons or sensory cells

an APC similar to macrophages

Bony projection (odontoid process) that extends upward from the body of the C2 (axis) vertebra.

Connective tissue proper that contains many fibers that provide both elasticity and protection.

lateral extensions of the pia mater that stabilize the spinal cord in the vertebral canal

bone-like tissue immediately deep to the enamel of the crown or cementum of the root of a tooth

Deoxyribose-containing nucleotide that stores genetic information.

change in a cell membrane potential from rest toward zero. It results from the movement of sodium ions entering the cells

change in a cell membrane potential from rest toward zero effector protein enzyme that catalyzes the generation of a new molecule, which acts as the intracellular mediator of the signal that binds to the receptor

(Plural = dermal papillae) extension of the papillary layer of the dermis that increases surface contact between the epidermis and dermis.

a chemical class type of AMPs

Layer of skin between the epidermis and hypodermis, composed mainly of connective tissue and containing blood vessels, hair follicles, sweat glands, and other structures.

portion of the aorta that continues downward past the end of the aortic arch; subdivided into the thoracic aorta and the abdominal aorta

part of the colon between the transverse colon and the sigmoid colon

Structure that forms an impermeable junction between cells.

smooth muscle in the bladder wall; fibers run in all directions to reduce the size of the organ when emptying it of urine

condition caused by destruction or dysfunction of the beta cells of the pancreas or cellular resistance to insulin that results in abnormally high blood glucose levels

Elevated blood glucose levels caused by a conditon

process to artificially filter blood

(also, emigration) process by which leukocytes squeeze through adjacent cells in a blood vessel wall to enter tissues

the partition separating the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity

Tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of a long bone.

freely mobile joint

period of time when the heart muscle is relaxed and the chambers fill with blood

lower number recorded when measuring arterial blood pressure; represents the minimal value corresponding to the pressure that remains during ventricular relaxation

It is seen in the ECG and produced by the tendency for blood to flow back into the atria from the major arteries as ventricular pressure drops, following ventricular repolarization, when the ventricles begin to relax (ventricular diastole), and pressure within the ventricles drops.

region of the adult brain that retains its name from embryonic development and includes the thalamus and hypothalamus

Process by which unspecialized cells become specialized in structure and function.

Movement of a substance from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration.

muscle that has anterior and posterior bellies and elevates the hyoid bone and larynx when one swallows; it also depresses the mandible

formed from the superficial and deep palmar arches; supply blood to the digits

drain the digits and feed into the palmar arches of the hand and dorsal venous arch of the foot

first stage of childbirth, involving an increase in cervical diameter

Layer of spongy bone, that is sandwiched between two the layers of compact bone found in flat bones.

having two complete sets of chromosomes

the corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts that give conscious control over movement consisting of upper motor neuron originating in the primary motor cortex and lower motor neuron located in the ventral horn or brainstem, respectively

Pair of carbohydrate monomers bonded by dehydration synthesis via a glycosidic bond.

abnormal functioning part of the body, illness, sickness or ailment

Describes a position farther from the point of attachment or the trunk of the body.

portions of the nephron distal to the loop of Henle that receive hyposmotic filtrate from the loop of Henle and empty into collecting ducts

Articulation between the head of the ulna and the ulnar notch of the radius.

Articulation between the distal fibula and the fibular notch of the tibia.

Covalent bond formed within a polypeptide between sulfide groups of sulfur-containing amino acids, for example, cysteine.

excess production of urine

a neuron circuit whereby one input neuron acts on several other neurons

Enzyme that functions in adding new nucleotides to a growing strand of DNA during DNA replication.

Process of duplicating a molecule of DNA.

describes a trait that is expressed both in homozygous and heterozygous form

a type of monoamine neurotransmitter

Describes the back or direction toward the back of the body; also referred to as posterior.

axons entering the posterior horn of the spinal cord

sensory ganglion attached to the posterior nerve root of a spinal nerve

Posterior body cavity that houses the brain and spinal cord; also referred to the posterior body cavity.

white matter tracts carrying touch and proprioception sensory information and located between the dorsal horns of the spinal cord

ascending tract of the spinal cord associated with fine touch and proprioceptive sensations

major output pathway of the hypothalamus that descends through the gray matter of the brain stem and into the spinal cord

the dorsal branch of a spinal nerve consisting of both sensory and motor neurons

region of the medulla oblongata that stimulates the contraction of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles to induce inspiration

drains blood from digital veins and vessels on the superior surface of the foot

forms from the anterior tibial artery; branches repeatedly to supply blood to the tarsal and dorsal regions of the foot

intermediate portion of the external nose that connects the bridge to the apex and is supported by the nasal bone

shunt in the pulmonary trunk that diverts oxygenated blood back to the aorta

(also, vas deferens) duct that transports sperm from the epididymis through the spermatic cord and into the ejaculatory duct; also referred as the vas deferens

shunt that causes oxygenated blood to bypass the fetal liver on its way to the inferior vena cava

(also, Brunner’s gland) mucous-secreting gland in the duodenal submucosa

first part of the small intestine, which starts at the pyloric sphincter and ends at the jejunum

tough, fibrous, outer layer of the meninges that is attached to the inner surface of the cranium and vertebral column and surrounds the entire CNS

a group of sinuses or blood channels that drains venous blood circulating from the cranial cavity

a motor protein involved in neuronal retrograde transport

Three small bones located in the middle ear cavity that serve to transmit sound vibrations to the inner ear.

muscle contraction that lengthens the muscle as the tension is diminished

Type of sweat gland that is common throughout the skin surface; it produces a hypotonic sweat for thermoregulation.

Outermost embryonic germ layer from which the epidermis and the nervous tissue derive.

implantation of an embryo outside of the uterus

Skin condition due to an allergic reaction, which resembles a rash.

location of parasympathetic neurons that project to the ciliary ganglion

Organ that can cause a change in a value.

plasma cells, activated B lymphocytes

immune cells with a direct, adverse effect on a pathogen

moving away from (the central nervous system)

arteriole carrying blood from the glomerulus to the capillary beds around the convoluted tubules and loop of Henle; portion of the portal system

component of a reflex arc that represents the output, with the target being an effector, such as muscle or glandular tissue

lead out of a lymph node

neuron that sends nervous signals away from the brain and/ or spinal cord

Type of lipid-derived molecule derived from arachadonic acid that acts primarily as paracrine factors

duct that connects the ampulla of the ductus deferens with the duct of the seminal vesicle at the prostatic urethra

pancreatic enzyme that digests protein

(also, conducting artery) artery with abundant elastic fibers located closer to the heart, which maintains the pressure gradient and conducts blood to smaller branches

Type of cartilage, with elastin as the major protein, characterized by rigid support as well as elasticity.

Fibrous protein within connective tissue that contains a high percentage of the protein elastin that allows the fibers to stretch and return to original size.

ability to stretch and rebound

Fibers made of the protein elastin that increase the elasticity of the dermis.

Joint located between the upper arm and forearm regions of the upper limb; formed by the articulations between the trochlea of the humerus and the trochlear notch of the ulna, and the capitulum of the humerus and the head of the radius.

Difference in the electrical charge (potential) between two regions.

connection between two neurons, or any two electrically active cells, where ions flow
directly through channels spanning their adjacent cell membranes

surface recording of the electrical activity of the heart that can be used for diagnosis of irregular heart function; also abbreviated as EKG

Subatomic particle having a negative charge and nearly no mass; found orbiting the atom’s nucleus.

​the region of negative charge surrounding an atomic nucleus that is associated with an atomic orbital. The model is a way to help visualize the most probable position of electrons in an atom.

Area of space a given distance from an atom’s nucleus in which electrons are grouped.

ATP production pathway in which electrons are passed through a series of oxidation-reduction reactions that forms water and produces a proton gradient

Clear protein-bound lipid found in the stratum lucidum that is derived from keratohyalin and helps to prevent water loss.

substances that cannot be created or broken down by ordinary chemical means

thrombus that has broken free from the blood vessel wall and entered the circulation

developing human during weeks 3–8

process by which an embryo develops from a flat disc of cells to a three-dimensional shape resembling a cylinder

covering of the dentin of the crown of a tooth

configuration of a sensory receptor neuron with dendrites surrounded by specialized structures to aid in transduction of a particular type of sensation, such as the lamellated corpuscles in the deep dermis and subcutaneous tissue

(also, preload) the amount of blood in the ventricles at the end of atrial systole just prior to ventricular contraction

endemic

innermost layer of the heart lining the heart chambers and heart valves; composed of endothelium reinforced with a thin layer of connective tissue that binds to the myocardium

Process in which bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage.

Groups of cells that release chemical signals into the intercellular fluid to be picked up and transported to their target organs by blood.

cells, tissues, and organs that secrete hormones as a primary or secondary function and play an integral role in normal bodily processes

Import of material into the cell by formation of a membrane-bound vesicle.

Innermost embryonic germ layer from which most of the digestive system and lower respiratory system derive.

A group of membranes and organelles in eukaryotic cells that works together to modify, package, and transport lipids and proteins.

inner lining of the uterus, part of which builds up during the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle and then sheds with menses

loose, and well-hydrated connective tissue covering each muscle fiber in a skeletal muscle

innermost layer of connective tissue that surrounds individual axons within a nerve

Cellular organelle that consists of interconnected membrane-bound tubules, which may or may not be associated with ribosomes (rough type or smooth type, respectively).

Delicate membranous lining of a bone’s medullary cavity.

Tissue that lines vessels of the lymphatic and cardiovascular system, made up of a simple squamous epithelium.

first phase of glycolysis, in which two molecules of ATP are necessary to start the reaction

second phase of glycolysis, during which energy is produced

neural tissue associated with the digestive system that is responsible for nervous control through autonomic connections

gastric gland cell that releases hormones

recycling mechanism that conserves bile salts

a process of regulating neurotransmitter effect by breaking it down soon after release into the synaptic cleft

Protein or RNA that catalyzes chemical reactions.

granulocytes specialised for attaching parasites

granulocytes that stain with eosin; they release antihistamines and are especially active against parasitic worms

glial cell type in the CNS responsible for producing cerebrospinal fluid

upper layer of cells of the embryonic disc that forms from the inner cell mass; gives rise to all three germ layers

innermost layer of the serous pericardium and the outermost layer of the heart wall

the rapid spreading or temporary prevalence of disease in a population

Outermost tissue layer of the skin.

(plural = epididymides) coiled tubular structure in which sperm start to mature and are stored until ejaculation

space above the dura mater of the meninges

leaf-shaped piece of elastic cartilage that is a portion of the larynx that swings to close the trachea during swallowing

outer layer of connective tissue around a skeletal muscle

primary and most potent catecholamine hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla in response to short-term stress; also called adrenaline

outermost layer of connective tissue that surrounds an entire nerve

Completely ossified remnant of the epiphyseal plate.

(Also, growth plate) sheet of hyaline cartilage in the metaphysis of an immature bone; replaced by bone tissue as the organ grows in length.

Wide section at each end of a long bone; filled with spongy bone and red marrow.

small sac of fat-filled visceral peritoneum attached to teniae coli

region of the diecephalon containing the pineal gland

Epithelium attached to a layer of connective tissue.

Type of tissue that serves primarily as a covering or lining of body parts, protecting the body; it also functions in absorption, transport, and secretion.

the specific region of an antigen that binds to a T or B cell receptor

Nail fold that meets the proximal end of the nail body, also called the cuticle.

sense of balance that includes sensations of position and movement of the head

large muscle mass of the back; primary extensor of the vertebral column

nucleated cell occurring in red marrow as a stage or stages in the development of the red blood cell, or erythrocyte

(also, red blood cell) mature myeloid blood cell that is composed mostly of hemoglobin and functions primarily in the transportation of oxygen and carbon dioxide

protein hormone secreted in response to low oxygen levels that triggers the bone marrow to produce red blood cells

drains the inferior portions of the esophagus and leads to the azygos vein

muscular tube that runs from the pharynx to the stomach

class of predominantly female sex hormones important for the development and growth of the female reproductive tract, secondary sex characteristics, the female reproductive cycle, and the maintenance of pregnancy

One of several small, air-filled spaces located within the lateral sides of the ethmoid bone, between the orbit and upper nasal cavity.

Unpaired bone that forms the roof and upper, lateral walls of the nasal cavity, portions of the floor of the anterior cranial fossa and medial wall of orbit, and the upper portion of the nasal septum.

The derivation of a word or word history.

transfer of heat that occurs when water changes from a liquid to a gas

Type of chemical reaction in which bonds are both formed and broken, resulting in the transfer of components.

sequence of events from motor neuron signaling to a skeletal muscle fiber to contraction of the fiber’s sarcomeres

graded potential in the postsynaptic membrane that is the result of depolarization and makes an action potential more likely to occur

Group of epithelial cells that secrete substances through ducts that open to the skin or to internal body surfaces that lead to the exterior of the body.

Export of a substance out of a cell by formation of a membrane-bound vesicle.

(also, exhalation) process that causes the air to leave the lungs

amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal exhalation

second stage of childbirth, during which the mother bears down with contractions; this stage ends in birth

muscle that increases the angle at the joint

muscle that extends and adducts the hand

muscle that extends the little finger

muscle that extends the hand at the wrist and the phalanges

muscle that is lateral to the tibialis anterior

muscle that is partly deep to the tibialis anterior and extensor digitorum longus

muscle that inserts onto the tendon of the extensor digitorum of the index finger

muscle that inserts onto the base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb

band of connective tissue that extends over the dorsal surface of the hand

Ear canal opening located on the lateral side of the skull.

voluntary skeletal muscle sphincter in the anal canal

Collar of hyaline cartilage and bone that forms around the outside of a fracture.

arises from the common carotid artery; supplies blood to numerous structures within the face, lower jaw, neck, esophagus, and larynx

branch of the common iliac artery that leaves the body cavity and becomes a femoral artery; supplies blood to the lower limbs

formed when the femoral vein passes into the body cavity; drains the legs and leads to the common iliac vein

superficial intercostal muscles that raise the rib cage

one of a pair of major veins located in the superficial neck region that drains blood from the more superficial portions of the head, scalp, and cranial regions, and leads to the subclavian vein

region of the nose that is easily visible to others

superficial abdominal muscle with fascicles that extend inferiorly and medially

Small bump located at the midline on the posterior skull.

gas exchange that occurs in the alveoli

Outer layer of the hair follicle that is an extension of the epidermis, which encloses the hair root.

opening of the urethra to the exterior located between the clitoris and the vaginal opening

sensory receptor that is positioned to interpret stimuli from the external environment, such as photoreceptors in the eye or somatosensory receptors in the skin

Fluid exterior to cells; includes the interstitial fluid, blood plasma, and fluid found in other reservoirs in the body.

one of six muscles originating out of the bones of the orbit and inserting into the surface of the eye which are responsible for moving the eye

originate outside the eye and insert onto the outer surface of the white of the eye, and create eyeball movement

ligament located outside of the articular capsule of a synovial joint

muscles that move the wrists, hands, and fingers and originate on the arm

initial coagulation pathway that begins with tissue damage and results in the activation of the common pathway

fragment of antigen binding, that part of the antibody that binds antigen

Small, flattened area on a bone for an articulation (joint) with another bone, or for muscle attachment.

Fourteen bones that support the facial structures and form the upper and lower jaws and the hard palate.

seventh cranial nerve; responsible for contraction of the facial muscles and for part of the sense of taste, as well as causing saliva production

Diffusion of a substance with the aid of a membrane protein.

high-energy molecule needed for glycolysis

Vertebrochondral ribs 8–12 whose costal cartilage either attaches indirectly to the sternum via the costal cartilage of the next higher rib or does not attach to the sternum at all.

molecule expressed on cytotoxic T cells and NK cells that binds to the fas molecule on a
target cell and induces it do undergo apoptosis

bundle of muscle fibers within a skeletal muscle

lateral division of the dorsal column system composed of fibers from sensory neurons in the upper body

medial division of the dorsal column system composed of fibers from sensory neurons in the lower body

muscle fiber that primarily uses anaerobic glycolysis

intermediate muscle fiber that is between slow oxidative and fast glycolytic fibers

breakdown of fatty acids into smaller chain fatty acids and acetyl CoA

a membrane bound protein on phagocytes that binds the Fc region of an antibody

in an antibody molecule, the site where the two termini of the heavy chains come together;
many cells have receptors for this portion of the antibody, adding functionality to these molecules

semisolid waste product of digestion

continuation of the external iliac artery after it passes through the body cavity; divides into several smaller branches, the lateral deep femoral artery, and the genicular artery; becomes the popliteal artery as it passes posterior to the knee

forms a loop around the femur just inferior to the trochanters; drains blood from the areas around the head and neck of the femur; leads to the femoral vein

systemic nerve of the anterior leg that arises from the lumbar plexus

region formed at the junction between the hip and the leg and includes the pectineus, femoral nerve, femoral artery, femoral vein, and deep inguinal lymph nodes

drains the upper leg; receives blood from the great saphenous vein, the deep femoral vein, and the femoral circumflex vein; becomes the external iliac vein when it crosses the body wall

Thigh bone; the single bone of the thigh.

small windows through a cell, allowing rapid filtration based on size; formed in such a way as to allow substances to cross through a cell without mixing with cell contents

a sperm combines with an oocyte

impenetrable barrier that coats a nascent zygote; part of the slow block to polyspermy

developing human during the time from the end of the embryonic period (week 9) to birth

abnormally high body temperature, aka pyrexia

insoluble, filamentous protein that forms the structure of a blood clot

plasma protein produced in the liver and involved in blood clotting

gradual degradation of a blood clot

Most abundant cell type in connective tissue, secretes protein fibers and matrix into the extracellular space.

Protein hormone produced by osteocytes that responds to increased blood levels of vitamin D3 or phosphate and functions to increase phosphorus excretion and decrease calcitriol synthesis

Tough form of cartilage, made of thick bundles of collagen fibers embedded in chondroitin sulfate ground substance.

Less active form of fibroblast.

specialized membrane that connects the ends of the C-shape cartilage in the trachea; contains smooth muscle fibers

joint where the articulating areas of the adjacent bones are connected by fibrous connective tissue

dense irregular connective tissue that encloses and protects the heart

anchors the heart valves and works as an electric insulator

outer layer of the eye primarily composed of connective tissue known as the sclera and cornea

Thin, non-weight-bearing bone found on the lateral side of the leg.

extrinsic ligament of the knee joint that spans from the lateral epicondyle of the femur to the head of the fibula; resists hyperextension and rotation of the extended knee

Wide groove on the lateral side of the distal tibia for articulation with the fibula at the distal tibiofibular joint.

drains the muscles and integument near the fibula and leads to the popliteal vein

(also, peroneus brevis) muscle that plantar flexes the foot at the ankle and everts it at the intertarsal joints

(also, peroneus longus) muscle that plantar flexes the foot at the ankle and everts it at the intertarsal joints

set of responses induced by sympathetic activity that lead to either fleeing a threat or standing up to it, which in the modern world is often associated with anxious feelings

in the cardiovascular system, the movement of material from a capillary into the interstitial fluid, moving from an area of higher pressure to lower pressure

formed by pedicels of podocytes; substances filter between the pedicels based on size

thin extension of the pia mater from the caudal end of the spinal cord that helps to stabilize the spinal cord in the vertebral canal

fingerlike projections on the distal uterine tubes

hormone that binds to a cell membrane hormone receptor and triggers activation of a second messenger system

Superficial burn that injures only the epidermis.

synergist that assists an agonist by preventing or reducing movement at another joint, thereby stabilizing the origin of the agonist

paralysis resulting from lower motor neuron damage in which muscles are completely relaxed

Appendage on certain cells formed by microtubules and modified for movement.

Thin and curved bone; serves as a point of attachment for muscles and protects internal organs.

gas in the intestine

coenzyme used to produce FADH2

movement that decreases the angle of a joint

muscle that decreases the angle at the joint

muscle that flexes and abducts the hand at the wrist

muscle that flexes and adducts the hand at the wrist

muscle that flexes the four small toes

muscle that flexes the phalanges of the fingers and the hand at the wrist

muscle that flexes the hand and the digits

muscle that flexes the big toe

muscle that flexes the distal phalanx of the thumb

Strong band of connective tissue at the anterior wrist that spans the top of the U-shaped grouping of the carpal bones to form the roof of the carpal tunnel.

Vertebral ribs 11–12 that do not attach to the sternum or to the costal cartilage of another rib.

area of the cerebellum that receives vestibular and visual information

fluid inside all cells of the body constitutes a compartment system that is largely segregated from other systems

Specialized cells that circulate in a watery fluid containing salts, nutrients, and dissolved proteins.

gyrus of the cerebellar cortex

ovarian structure of one oocyte and surrounding granulosa (and later theca) cells

anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates the production and maturation of sex cells

development of ovarian follicles from primordial to tertiary under the stimulation of gonadotropins

Expanded area of fibrous connective tissue that separates the brain case bones of the skull prior to birth and during the first year after birth.

expanded areas of fibrous connective tissue that separate the braincase bones of the skull prior to birth and during the first year after birth

Portion of the lower limb located distal to the ankle joint.

Irregular opening in the base of the skull, located inferior to the exit of carotid canal.

Large opening in the occipital bone of the skull through which the spinal cord emerges and the vertebral arteries enter the cranium.

opening in the fetal heart that allows blood to flow directly from the right atrium to the left atrium, bypassing the fetal pulmonary circuit

Oval-shaped opening in the floor of the middle cranial fossa.

Round opening in the floor of the middle cranial fossa, located between the superior orbital fissure and foramen ovale.

Small opening in the floor of the middle cranial fossa, located lateral to the foramen ovale.

(also, hyperpnea) mode of breathing that occurs during exercise or by active thought that requires muscle contraction for both inspiration and expiration

Region of the upper limb located between the elbow and wrist joints; contains the radius and ulna bones.

anterior region of the adult brain that develops from the prosencephalon and includes the cerebrum and diencephalon

cellular components of blood; that is, erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets

(Plural = fossae) shallow depression on the surface of a bone.

oval-shaped depression in the interatrial septum that marks the former location of the foramen ovale

the portion of the ventricular system that is in the region of the brain stem and opens into the subarachnoid space through the median and lateral apertures

Burn in which full thickness of the skin and underlying muscle and bone is damaged.

exact center of the retina at which visual stimuli are focused for maximal acuity, where the retina is thinnest, at which there is nothing but photoreceptors

Minor indentation on the head of the femur that serves as the site of attachment for the ligament to the head of the femur.

Broken bone.

Blood clot that forms at the site of a broken bone.

relationship between ventricular stretch and contraction in which the force of heart contraction is directly proportional to the initial length of the muscle fiber

configuration of a sensory receptor neuron with dendrites in the connective tissue of the organ, such as in the dermis of the skin, that are most often sensitive to chemical, thermal, and mechanical stimuli

an atom, molecule, or ion that has at least one unpaired valence electron. With some exceptions, these unpaired electrons make radicals highly chemically reactive. 

Unpaired bone that forms forehead, roof of orbit, and floor of anterior cranial fossa.

region of the cerebral cortex directly beneath the frontal bone of the cranium

Two-dimensional, vertical plane that divides the body or organ into anterior and posterior portions.

Air-filled space within the frontal bone; most anterior of the paranasal sinuses.

front part of the occipitofrontalis muscle

Group of atoms linked by strong covalent bonds that tends to behave as a distinct unit in chemical reactions with other atoms.

sum of ERV and RV, which is the amount of air that remains in the lungs after a tidal expiration

dome-shaped region of the stomach above and to the left of the cardia

eukaryotic organisms distinguished from animals and plants by chitin-containing cell walls among other features

muscle that has fascicles that are spindle-shaped to create large bellies

gastrin-secreting enteroendocrine cell

protein associated with a cell membrane hormone receptor that initiates the next step in a second messenger system upon activation by hormone–receptor binding

receptors that are associated with cytoplasmic G-protein, a GTP hydrolase, that physically moves from the receptor to a effector protein resulting in the production of cAMP or cGMP (aka second messengers)

Phase of the cell cycle, usually entered from the G1 phase; characterized by long or permanent periods where the cell does not move forward into the DNA synthesis phase.

First phase of the cell cycle, after a new cell is born.

Third phase of the cell cycle, after the DNA synthesis phase.

accessory digestive organ that stores and concentrates bile

haploid reproductive cell that contributes genetic material to form an offspring

a common inhibitory amino acid neurotransmitter of the brain among other roles

(pl. ganglia) localized collection of neuron cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system
gated property of a channel that determines how it opens under specific conditions, such as voltage change or physical deformation

specifically refers to the cell body of a neuron in the autonomic system that is located in a ganglion

Allows cytoplasmic communications to occur between cells.

they allow the passage of ions between the cells to help to synchronize the heart contraction

process by which mixing waves gradually cause the release of chyme into the duodenum

gland in the stomach mucosal epithelium that produces gastric juice

phase of gastric secretion that begins when food enters the stomach

narrow channel formed by the epithelial lining of the stomach mucosa

peptide hormone secreted in response to stomach distention that stimulates the release of hydrochloric acid

most superficial muscle of the calf

propulsive movement in the colon activated by the presence of food in the stomach

process of cell migration and differentiation into three primary germ layers following cleavage and implantation

Functional length of DNA that provides the genetic information necessary to build a protein.

Active interpretation of the information coded in a gene to produce a functional gene product.

the human body’s three-stage response pattern to short- and long-term stress

any sensory system that is distributed throughout the body and incorporated into organs of multiple other systems, such as the walls of the digestive organs or the skin

graded potential in dendrites of a unipolar neuron which generates an action
potential in the initial segment of that cell’s axon

branch of the femoral artery; supplies blood to the region of the knee

muscle that originates on the mandible and allows the tongue to move downward and forward

muscle that depresses the mandible, and raises and pulls the hyoid bone anteriorly

Entire complement of an organism’s DNA; found within virtually every cell.

complete genetic makeup of an individual

clusters of rapidly proliferating B cells found in secondary lymphoid tissues

in human development, the period required for embryonic and fetal development in utero; pregnancy

disorder in children caused when abnormally high levels of GH prompt excessive growth

gum

Slight depression of frontal bone, located at the midline between the eyebrows.

bulbous end of the penis that contains a large number of nerve endings

Layer of connective tissue that surrounds the base of the hair follicle, connecting it to the dermis.

Shoulder joint; formed by the articulation between the glenoid cavity of the scapula and the head of the humerus.

(Also, glenoid fossa) shallow depression located on the lateral scapula, between the superior and lateral borders.

lip of fibrocartilage located around the outside margin of the glenoid cavity of the scapula

(aka neuroglia) one of the various types of neural cells responsible for maintenance of nervous tissue including the support of neurons

heme-containing globular protein that is a constituent of hemoglobin

heterogeneous group of plasma proteins that includes transport proteins, clotting factors, immune proteins, and others

nuclei deep in the cerebrum that are part of the basal nuclei and can be divided into the internal and external segments

rate of renal filtration

tuft of capillaries surrounded by Bowman’s capsule; filters the blood based on size

ninth cranial nerve; responsible for contraction of muscles in the tongue and throat and for part of the sense of taste, as well as causing saliva production

opening between the vocal folds through which air passes when producing speech

pancreatic hormone that stimulates the catabolism of glycogen to glucose, thereby increasing blood glucose levels

hormones produced by the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex that influence glucose metabolism

cellular enzyme, found in the liver, which converts glucose into glucose-6-phosphate upon uptake into the cell

Conversion of organic nutrients into newly synthesized glucose

phosphorylated glucose produced in the first step of glycolysis

(formerly gastric inhibitory peptide) hormone secreted by the small intestine that stimulates increased insulin secretion

a common excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter of the brain among other roles

Roughened area on the posterior side of the proximal femur, extending inferiorly from the base of the greater trochanter.

largest of the gluteus muscles that extends the femur

muscle deep to the gluteus maximus that abducts the femur at the hip

a common inhibitory amino acid neurotransmitter of the spinal cord among other roles

form that glucose assumes when it is stored

Process of catabolizing and converting stored glycogen into glucose

series of metabolic reactions that breaks down glucose into pyruvate and produces ATP

Protein that has one or more carbohydrates attached.

presence of glucose in the urine; caused by high blood glucose levels that exceed the ability of the kidneys to reabsorb the glucose; usually the result of untreated or poorly controlled diabetes mellitus

Unicellular gland found in columnar epithelium that secretes mucous.

Cellular organelle formed by a series of flattened, membrane-bound sacs that functions in protein modification, tagging, packaging, and transport.

type of fibrous joint in which the root of a tooth is anchored into its bony jaw socket by strong periodontal ligaments

Reproductive organ (ovary in females, testis in males) that produces sex cells (ovum in females, sperm in males)

branch of the abdominal aorta; supplies blood to the gonads or reproductive organs; also described as ovarian arteries or testicular arteries, depending upon the sex of the individual

hormone produced and secreted by the hypothalamus that stimulates production of gonadotropins

hormones that regulate the function of the gonads, namely follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)

reproductive organs (testes in men and ovaries in women) that produce gametes and reproductive hormones

muscle that adducts the thigh and flexes the leg at the knee

change in the membrane potential that varies in size, depending on the size of the stimulus that elicits it

leukocytes with abundant granules in their cytoplasm; specifically, neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

WBCs that have granules; neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils

supportive cells in the ovarian follicle that produce estrogen

apoptosis-inducing substance contained in granules of NK cells and cytotoxic T cells

an autoimmune disease causing hyperthyroidism resulting in tachycardia, heat sensitivity, weight loss, eye bulging among other symptoms

Condition where an autoimmune reaction produces antibodies that act like TSH and cause overproduction of thyroid hormones leading to hyperthyroidism

regions of the nervous system containing cell bodies of neurons with few or no myelinated axons; actually may be more pink or tan in color, but called gray in contrast to white matter

(singular = ramus communicans) unmyelinated structures that provide a short connection from a sympathetic chain ganglion to the spinal nerve that contains the postganglionic sympathetic fiber

vessel that follows the interventricular sulcus on the anterior surface of the heart and flows along the coronary sulcus into the coronary sinus on the posterior surface; parallels the anterior interventricular artery and drains the areas supplied by this vessel

receives most of the smaller vessels from the inferior cerebral veins and leads to the straight sinus

prominent surface vessel located on the medial surface of the leg and thigh; drains the superficial portions of these areas and leads to the femoral vein

(Also, greater pelvic cavity or false pelvis) broad space above the pelvic brim defined laterally by the fan-like portion of the upper ilium.

Pelvic opening formed by the greater sciatic notch of the hip bone, the sacrum, and the sacrospinous ligament.

Large, U-shaped indentation located on the posterior margin of the ilium, superior to the ischial spine.

Large, bony expansion of the femur that projects superiorly from the base of the femoral neck.

Enlarged prominence located on the lateral side of the proximal humerus.

(also, Bartholin’s glands) glands that produce a thick mucus that maintains moisture in the vulva area

Lateral projections of the sphenoid bone that form the anterior wall of the middle cranial fossa and an area of the lateral skull.

Study of the larger structures of the body, typically with the unaided eye; also referred to as macroscopic anatomy.

Fluid or semi-fluid portion of the matrix.

Process of increasing in size.

anterior pituitary hormone that promotes tissue building and influences nutrient metabolism (also called somatotropin)

disorder in children caused when abnormally low levels of GH result in delayed growth and short stature (also called pituitary dwarfism)

Inhibitory hormone that inhibits the release of growth hormone and other hormones, including thyroid-stimulating hormone and prolactin (also called somatostatin)

Hormone secreted by the hypothalamus that triggers the release of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary

a pathologic condition caused by demyelination of neurons in the PNS

sense of taste

sensory cells in the taste bud that transduce the chemical stimuli of gustation

localized collection of neuron cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system

Keratinous filament growing out of the epidermis.

Structure at the base of the hair root that surrounds the dermal papilla.

mechanoreceptor cells found in the inner ear that transduce stimuli for the senses of hearing and balance

Cavity or sac from which hair originates.

Layer of basal cells from which a strand of hair grows.

Mass of connective tissue, blood capillaries, and nerve endings at the base of the hair follicle.

Part of hair that is below the epidermis anchored to the follicle.

nerve endings that are wrapped around hair follicles to detect hair movement

Part of hair that is above the epidermis but is not anchored to the follicle.

Big toe; digit 1 of the foot.

From the lateral side, the fourth of the four distal carpal bones; articulates with the lunate and triquetrum proximally, the fourth and fifth metacarpals distally, and the capitate laterally.

Region of the upper limb distal to the wrist joint.

a disease caused by a Mycobacterium leprae infection primarily affecting the peripheral nervous system, skin, and nasal mucosa

having a single set of unpaired chromosomes

Bony structure that forms the roof of the mouth and floor of the nasal cavity, formed by the palatine process of the maxillary bones and the horizontal plate of the palatine bones.

slow segmentation in the large intestine

small pouch in the colon created by tonic contractions of teniae coli

Rounded, proximal end of the femur that articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint.

Small, knob-like, proximal end of the fibula; articulates with the inferior aspect of the lateral condyle of the tibia.

Smooth, rounded region on the medial side of the proximal humerus; articulates with the glenoid fossa of the scapula to form the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint.

Expanded, distal end of each metatarsal bone.

Disc-shaped structure that forms the proximal end of the radius; articulates with the capitulum of the humerus as part of the elbow joint, and with the radial notch of the ulna as part of the proximal radioulnar joint.

Posterior end of a rib that articulates with the bodies of thoracic vertebrae.

Small, rounded distal end of the ulna; articulates with the ulnar notch of the distal radius, forming the distal radioulnar joint.

interruption in the normal conduction pathway

sound coming from the heart that is caused by the turbulent flow of blood

number of times the heart contracts (beats) per minute

sounds heard via auscultation with a stethoscope of the closing of the atrioventricular valves (“lub”) and semilunar valves (“dub”)

T cells that secrete cytokines to enhance other immune responses, involved in
activation of both B and Tc cell lymphocytes

(also, packed cell volume) volume percentage of erythrocytes in a sample of centrifuged blood

Production of blood cells, which occurs in the red marrow of the bones.

type of pluripotent stem cell that gives rise to the formed elements of blood (hemocytoblast)

presence of erythrocytes in urine

red, iron-containing pigment to which oxygen binds in hemoglobin

smaller vein complementary to the azygos vein; drains the esophageal veins from the esophagus and the left intercostal veins, and leads to the brachiocephalic vein via the superior intercostal vein

paralysis of one side of the body

hematopoietic stem cell that gives rise to the formed elements of blood

oxygen-carrying compound in erythrocytes

destruction (lysis) of erythrocytes and the release of their hemoglobin into circulation

(also, erythroblastosis fetalis) disorder causing agglutination and hemolysis in an Rh+ fetus or newborn of an Rh− mother

genetic disorder characterized by inadequate synthesis of clotting factors

production of the formed elements of blood

chemical signals including erythropoietin, thrombopoietin, colony-stimulating factors, and interleukins that regulate the differentiation and proliferation of particular blood progenitor cells

excessive bleeding

physiological process by which bleeding ceases

statement of the principle that the concentration of gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the solubility and partial pressure of that gas

short-acting anticoagulant stored in mast cells and released when tissues are injured, opposes prothrombin

artery that supplies oxygenated blood to the liver

branch of the common hepatic artery; supplies systemic blood to the liver

hexagonal-shaped structure composed of hepatocytes that radiate outward from a central vein

specialized circulatory pathway that carries blood from digestive organs to the liver for processing before being sent to the systemic circulation

vein that supplies deoxygenated nutrient-rich blood to the liver

blood capillaries between rows of hepatocytes that receive blood from the hepatic portal vein and the branches of the hepatic artery

drains systemic blood from the liver and flows into the inferior vena cava

major functional cells of the liver

(also, ampulla of Vater) bulb-like point in the wall of the duodenum where the bile duct and main pancreatic duct unite

(also, sphincter of Oddi) sphincter regulating the flow of bile and pancreatic juice into the duodenum

Hormone secreted by the liver that regulates iron levels in blood plasma by blocking the release of iron from cells into the plasma and reducing dietary absorption of iron

having two different alleles for a given gene

cellular enzyme, found in most tissues, that converts glucose into glucose-6-phosphate upon uptake into the cell

vessels containing unique endothelial cells specialized to allow migration of
lymphocytes from the blood to the lymph node

concave structure on the mediastinal surface of the lungs where blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves, and a bronchus enter the lung

posterior region of the adult brain that develops from the rhombencephalon and includes the pons, medulla oblongata, and cerebellum

Coxal bone; single bone that forms the pelvic girdle; consists of three areas, the ilium, ischium, and pubis.

Joint located at the proximal end of the lower limb; formed by the articulation between the acetabulum of the hip bone and the head of the femur.

gray matter deep in the temporal lobe that is very important for long-term memory formation

Chemical compound released by mast cells in response to injury that causes vasodilation and endothelium permeability.

Microscopic study of tissue architecture, organization, and function.

Opening or depression in a bone.

Release of a substance caused by the rupture of a gland cell, which becomes part of the secretion.

Steady state of body systems that living organisms maintain.

Describes two copies of the same chromosome (not identical), one inherited from each parent.

having two identical alleles for a given gene

Bony extension located on the anterior side of the hamate carpal bone.

Medial extension from the palatine bone that forms the posterior quarter of the hard palate.

secretion of an endocrine organ that travels via the bloodstream or lymphatics to induce a response in target cells or tissues in another part of the body

protein within a cell or on the cell membrane that binds a hormone, initiating the target cell response

Structure formed when a hormone binds to its hormone receptor

hormone produced by the placenta that promotes progesterone synthesis and reduces the mother’s immune function to protect the fetus from immune rejection

is a virus capable of causing acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), a serious and lethal disease characterized by a greatly weakened immune system

hormone produced by the placenta that prepares mammary glands for lactation

Single bone of the upper arm.

related to body fluids

adaptive immunity involving Th2 stimulating B cells to secrete antibodies

Most common type of cartilage, smooth and made of short collagen fibers embedded in a chondroitin sulfate ground substance.

blockage in the CSF circulation

digestive acid secreted by parietal cells in the stomach

the chemical element with the symbol H and atomic number 1. Hydrogen is the lightest element. At standard conditions hydrogen is a gas (H₂). It is colorless, odorless, tasteless, non-toxic, and highly combustible.

Dipole-dipole bond in which a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to an electronegative atom is weakly attracted to a second electronegative atom.

dipole-dipole bond in which a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to an electronegative atom is weakly attracted to a second electronegative atom

Describes a substance or structure attracted to water.

Describes a substance or structure repelled by water.

molecule created in the first step of the creation of ketone bodies from acetyl CoA

membrane that covers part of the opening of the vagina

muscle that originates on the hyoid bone to move the tongue downward and flatten it

Small, U-shaped bone located in upper neck that does not contact any other bone.

Condition characterized by abnormally high levels of calcium.

abnormally elevated blood levels of CO2

higher-than-normal blood chloride levels

increased blood flow near the site of inflammation

abnormally high blood glucose levels

higher-than-normal blood potassium levels

higher-than-normal blood magnesium levels

abnormal increase in blood sodium levels

disorder caused by overproduction of PTH that results in abnormally elevated blood calcium

abnormally increased blood phosphate levels

increased rate and depth of ventilation due to an increase in oxygen demand that does not significantly alter blood oxygen or carbon dioxide levels

state of the cell membrane when it polarizes more than the RMP

exaggeration of reflexes often due to upper motor neuron damage

an excessive, potentially harmful overreaction to an antigen

the process of the antigen-binding regions of the B cell receptor (and antibody) to be altered during B cell clonal expansion

chronic and persistent blood pressure measurements of 140/90 mm Hg or above

clinically abnormal, elevated level of thyroid hormone in the blood; characterized by an increased metabolic rate, excess body heat, sweating, diarrhea, weight loss, and increased heart rate

abnormally high muscle tone

Describes a solution concentration that is higher than a reference concentration.

pathological enlargement of the heart, generally for no known reason

addition of structural proteins to muscle fibers

increased ventilation rate that leads to abnormally low blood carbon dioxide levels and high (alkaline) blood pH

abnormally high levels of fluid and blood within the body

lower layer of cells of the embryonic disc that extend into the blastocoel to form the yolk sac

Condition characterized by abnormally low levels of calcium.

abnormally low blood levels of CO2

lower-than-normal blood chloride levels

Connective tissue connecting the integument to the underlying bone and muscle.

Paired openings that pass anteriorly from the anterior-lateral margins of the foramen magnum deep to the occipital condyles.

twelfth cranial nerve; responsible for contraction of muscles of the tongue

abnormally decreased blood levels of potassium

lower-than-normal blood magnesium levels

lower-than-normal levels of sodium in the blood

Thickened layer of stratum corneum that lies below the free edge of the nail.

disorder caused by underproduction of PTH that results in abnormally low blood calcium

abnormally low blood phosphate levels

Shallow depression on top of the sella turcica that houses the pituitary (hypophyseal) gland.

network of blood vessels that enables hypothalamic hormones to travel into the anterior lobe of the pituitary without entering the systemic circulation

decreased reflexes often due to lower motor neuron damage

endocrine control system involving the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal cortex, the hormones secreted by those glands, and regulation of adrenal cortex steroid production by those hormones

major region of the diencephalon that is responsible for coordinating autonomic and endocrine control of homeostasis

group of muscles on the medial aspect of the palm

clinically abnormal, low level of thyroid hormone in the blood; characterized by low metabolic rate, weight gain, cold extremities, constipation, and reduced mental activity

abnormally low muscle tone caused by the absence of low-level contractions

Describes a solution concentration that is lower than a reference concentration.

abnormally low levels of fluid and blood within the body

type of circulatory shock caused by excessive loss of blood volume due to hemorrhage or possibly dehydration

lack of oxygen supply to the tissues

Consisting of too little oxygen

antibody whose dimer is secreted by exocrine glands, is especially effective against digestive and respiratory pathogens, and can pass immunity to an infant through breastfeeding

class of antibody whose only known function is as a receptor on naive B cells; important in B cell activation

antibody that binds to mast cells and causes antigen-specific degranulation during an allergic response

main blood antibody of late primary and early secondary responses; passed from carrier to unborn child via placenta

antibody whose monomer is a surface receptor of naive B cells; the pentamer is the first antibody made blood plasma during primary responses

interleukin-4, promotes Th2 and plasma cell development among other functions

sphincter located where the small intestine joins with the large intestine

end of the small intestine between the jejunum and the large intestine

Curved, superior margin of the ilium.

Shallow depression found on the anterior and medial surfaces of the upper ilium.

muscle that, along with the psoas major, makes up the iliopsoas

muscle that makes up the levator ani along with the pubococcygeus

laterally placed muscles of the erector spinae

muscle that inserts onto the tibia; made up of the gluteus maximus and connective tissues of the tensor fasciae latae

Superior portion of the hip bone.

IgE-mediated mast cell degranulation caused by crosslinking of surface IgE by antigen
immune system series of barriers, cells, and soluble mediators that combine to response to infections of the body with pathogenic organisms

the degree by which an antigen induces an immune response

protein antibody; occurs as one of five main classes

(also, antibodies or gamma globulins) antigen-specific proteins produced by specialized B lymphocytes that protect the body by binding to foreign objects such as bacteria and viruses

ability of the adaptive immune response to mount a stronger and faster immune response upon re-exposure to a pathogen

process by which a blastocyst embeds itself in the uterine endometrium

midline, chisel-shaped tooth used for cutting into food

pattern of inheritance in which a heterozygous genotype expresses a phenotype intermediate between dominant and recessive phenotypes

loss of ability to control micturition

(also, anvil) ossicle of the middle ear that connects the malleus to the stapes

several complex circuits that innervate lower motor neurons and are involved in subconscious control over movement

a disease capable of transmitting from person to person

Describes a position below or lower than another part of the body proper; near or toward the tail (in humans, the coccyx, or lowest part of the spinal column); also referred to as caudal.

Inferior corner of the scapula located where the medial and lateral borders meet.

Bony process that extends downward from the vertebral arch of a vertebra that articulates with the superior articular process of the next lower vertebra.

last structure in the auditory brainstem pathway that projects to the thalamus and superior colliculus

branch of the abdominal aorta; supplies blood to the distal segment of the large intestine and rectum

One of the paired bones that project from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity to form the largest and most inferior of the nasal conchae.

extraocular muscle responsible for lateral rotation of the eye

Narrow segment of bone that passes inferiorly and laterally from the pubic body; joins with the ischial ramus to form the ischiopubic ramus.

extraocular muscle responsible for looking down

large systemic vein that returns blood to the heart from the inferior portion of the body

Response of tissue to injury.

Small bump or roughened area located on the lateral border of the scapula, near the inferior margin of the glenoid cavity.

anterior neck muscles that are attached to, and inferior to the hyoid bone

Opening located on anterior skull, below the orbit.

muscle that laterally rotates the arm

Broad depression located on the posterior scapula, inferior to the spine.

hollow stalk which connects the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary gland

taking food into the GI tract through the mouth

opening in abdominal wall that connects the testes to the abdominal cavity

hormone secreted by the male and female gonads that inhibits FSH production by the anterior pituitary

hormone that prevents or decrease the release of other hormones

hyperpolarizing graded potentials in the postsynaptic membrane

rapid but relatively nonspecific immune responses

cluster of cells within the blastocyst that is fated to become the embryo

structure within the temporal bone that contains the sensory apparati of hearing and balance

the deepest intercostal muscles that draw the ribs together

Substance that does not contain both carbon and hydrogen.

factors that change stroke volume by affecting contractility

end of a skeletal muscle that is attached to the structure (usually a bone) that is moved when the muscle contracts

(also, inhalation) process that causes air to enter the lungs

sum of the TV and IRV, which is the amount of air that can maximally be inhaled past a tidal expiration

amount of air that enters the lungs due to deep inhalation past the tidal volume

brain region that process taste, smell, sound, visceral and body surface sensations, and emotions such as empathy

pancreatic hormone that enhances the cellular uptake and utilization of glucose, thereby decreasing blood glucose levels

protein that enhances cellular proliferation, inhibits apoptosis, and stimulates the cellular uptake of amino acids for protein synthesis (also, somatomedin)

membrane-associated protein that spans the entire width of the lipid bilayer

nervous system function that combines sensory perceptions and higher cognitive functions (memories, learning, emotion, etc.) to produce a response

gray matter of the spinal cord or brain that integrates incoming sensory and other information in the control of a reflex

Skin and its accessory structures.

cardiac septum located between the two atria; contains the fossa ovalis after birth

specialized cell of the collecting ducts that secrete or absorb acid or bicarbonate; important in acid–base balance

part of the sarcolemma that connects cardiac tissue, and contains gap junctions and desmosomes

Irregular elevation on the superior end of the tibia, between the articulating surfaces of the medial and lateral condyles.

Deep depression on the posterior side of the distal femur that separates the medial and lateral condyles.

muscles that span the spaces between the ribs

drains the muscles of the thoracic wall and leads to the azygos vein

early induced proteins made in virally infected cells that cause nearby cells to make antiviral proteins

signaling molecules that may function in hemopoiesis, inflammation, and specific immune responses

division of the segmental arteries that pass through the renal columns to reach the cortex

group of midpalmar muscles

Middle of the three cuneiform tarsal bones; articulates posteriorly with the navicular bone, medially with the medial cuneiform bone, laterally with the lateral cuneiform bone, and anteriorly with the second metatarsal bone.

Type of cytoskeletal filament made of keratin, characterized by an intermediate thickness, and playing a role in resisting cellular tension.

Opening into petrous ridge, located on the lateral wall of the posterior cranial fossa.

involuntary smooth muscle sphincter in the anal canal

Fibrocartilaginous matrix, in the endosteal region, between the two ends of a broken bone.

two-way tract for the transmission of information to and from the cerebral cortex

branch from the common carotid artery that enters the cranium and supplies blood to the brain

branch from the common iliac arteries; supplies blood to the urinary bladder, walls of the pelvis, external genitalia, and the medial portion of the femoral region; in females, also provide blood to the uterus and vagina

drains the pelvic organs and integument; formed from several smaller veins in the region; leads to the common iliac vein

muscles the intermediate intercostal muscles that draw the ribs together

one of a pair of major veins located in the neck region that passes through the jugular foramen and canal, flows parallel to the common carotid artery that is more or less its counterpart; primarily drains blood from the brain, receives the superficial facial vein, and empties into the subclavian vein

flat, intermediate abdominal muscle with fascicles that run perpendicular to those of the external oblique

gas exchange that occurs at the level of body tissues

Innermost layer of keratinocytes in the hair follicle that surround the hair root up to the hair shaft.

(also, mammary artery) arises from the subclavian artery; supplies blood to the thymus, pericardium of the heart, and the anterior chest wall

(also, internal mammary vein) drains the anterior surface of the chest wall and leads to the brachiocephalic vein

smooth muscle at the juncture of the bladder and urethra; relaxes as the bladder fills to allow urine into the urethra

specialized conductile cells within the atria that transmit the impulse from the SA node throughout the myocardial cells of the atrium and to the AV node

sensory receptor that is positioned to interpret stimuli from internal organs, such as stretch receptors in the wall of blood vessels

Small ridge running down the medial side of the fibular shaft; for attachment of the interosseous membrane between the fibula and tibia.

Narrow ridge located on the medial side of the radial shaft; for attachment of the interosseous membrane between the ulna and radius bones.

Small ridge running down the lateral side of the tibial shaft; for attachment of the interosseous membrane between the tibia and fibula.

Narrow ridge located on the lateral side of the ulnar shaft; for attachment of the interosseous membrane between the ulna and radius.

wide sheet of fibrous connective tissue that fills the gap between two parallel bones, forming a syndesmosis; found between the radius and ulna of the forearm and between the tibia and fibula of the leg

Sheet of dense connective tissue that unites the radius and ulna bones.

Sheet of dense connective tissue that unites the shafts of the tibia and fibula bones.

Articulation between adjacent phalanx bones of the hand or foot digits.

Entire life cycle of a cell, excluding mitosis.

(also Leydig cells) cells between the seminiferous tubules of the testes that produce testosterone

fluid between cells and tissues, excluding plasma or lymph

Fluid in the small spaces between cells not contained within blood vessels.

pressure exerted by the colloids within the interstitial fluid

force exerted by the fluid in the tissue spaces

Short, prominent ridge running between the greater and lesser trochanters on the posterior side of the proximal femur.

Small ridge running between the greater and lesser trochanters on the anterior side of the proximal femur.

Bicipital groove; narrow groove located between the greater and lesser tubercles of the humerus.

cardiac septum located between the two ventricles

groove between the ventricles

Structure located between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae that strongly joins the vertebrae; provides padding, weight bearing ability, and enables vertebral column movements.

Opening located between adjacent vertebrae for exit of a spinal nerve.

(also, crypt of Lieberkühn) gland in the small intestinal mucosa that secretes intestinal juice

mixture of water and mucus that helps absorb nutrients from chyme

(intrapulmonary pressure) pressure of the air within the alveoli

ligament that is located within the articular capsule of a synovial joint

Fluid in the cytosol of cells.

Process by which bone forms directly from mesenchymal tissue.

pressure of the air within the pleural cavity

glycoprotein required for vitamin B12 absorption in the small intestine

ligament that is fused to or incorporated into the wall of the articular capsule of a synovial joint

muscles that move the wrists, hands, and fingers and originate in the palm

initial coagulation pathway that begins with vascular damage or contact with foreign substances, and results in the activation of the common pathway

postpartum shrinkage of the uterus back to its pre-pregnancy volume

atom with an overall positive or negative charge

attraction between an anion and a cation

attraction between an anion and a cation

an ion channel gate that opens by neurotransmitter binding

word meaning on the same side, as in axons that do not cross the midline in a fiber tract

reflex in which receptor and effector are on the same side of the body

colored portion of the anterior eye that surrounds the pupil

Bone of complex shape; protects internal organs from compressive forces.

a reduction in blood flow that results in hypoxia (insufficient delivery of oxygen to the cells and tissues of the body)

Bony extension projecting anteriorly and superiorly from the ischial tuberosity; joins with the inferior pubic ramus to form the ischiopubic ramus.

Pointed, bony projection from the posterior margin of the ischium that separates the greater sciatic notch and lesser sciatic notch.

Large, roughened protuberance that forms the posteroinferior portion of the hip bone; weight-bearing region of the pelvis when sitting.

muscle that assists the levator ani and pulls the coccyx anteriorly

Narrow extension of bone that connects the ischial tuberosity to the pubic body; formed by the junction of the ischial ramus and inferior pubic ramus.

Posteroinferior portion of the hip bone.

muscle contraction that occurs with no change in muscle length

Describes a solution concentration that is the same as a reference concentration.

muscle contraction that involves changes in muscle length

one of the variations of an element in which the number of neutrons differ from each other

narrow, medial portion of the uterine tube that joins the uterus; narrow region of the body of the uterus superior to the cervix

yellowing of the skin or whites of the eyes due to excess bilirubin in the blood

middle part of the small intestine between the duodenum and the ileum

site at which two or more bones or bone and cartilage come together (articulate)

space enclosed by the articular capsule of a synovial joint that is filled with synovial fluid and contains the articulating surfaces of the adjacent bones

Shallow notch located on superior surface of sternal manubrium.

Irregularly shaped opening located in the lateral floor of the posterior cranial cavity.

blood vessels that return “used” blood from the head and neck

located at the juncture of the DCT and the afferent and efferent arterioles of the glomerulus; plays a role in the regulation of renal blood flow and GFR

modified smooth muscle cells of the afferent arteriole; secretes renin in response to a drop in blood pressure

nephrons adjacent to the border of the cortex and medulla with loops of Henle that extend into the renal medulla

systematic arrangement of images of chromosomes into homologous pairs

Type of scar that has layers raised above the skin surface.

Type of structural protein that gives skin, hair, and nails its hard, water-resistant properties.

Cell that produces keratin and is the most predominant type of cell found in the epidermis.

Granulated protein found in the stratum granulosum.

abnormally high levels of acid in the blood caused by increased levels of ketone bodies

alternative source of energy when glucose is limited, created when too much acetyl CoA is created during fatty acid oxidation

high levels of ketone bodies in urine

main organ of the urinary system where blood is filtered, and the filtrate is transformed into urine at a constant rate throughout the day

a motor protein involved in neuronal anterograde transport

sense of body movement based on sensations in skeletal muscles, tendons, joints, and the skin

Energy that matter possesses because of its motion.

Region of a centromere where microtubules attach to a pair of sister chromatids.

peptides that contribute to pain, inflammation and smooth muscle contraction

Joint that separates the thigh and leg portions of the lower limb; formed by the articulations between the medial and lateral condyles of the femur, and the medial and lateral condyles of the tibia.

noises created by turbulent blood flow through the vessels

also called the citric acid cycle or the tricarboxylic acid cycle, converts pyruvate into CO2 and high-energy FADH2, NADH, and ATP molecules

(Also, humpback or hunchback) excessive posterior curvature of the thoracic vertebral column region.

hair-covered folds of skin located behind the mons pubis

thin, pigmented, hairless flaps of skin located medial to the labia majora

Paired bones that contribute to the anterior-medial wall of each orbit.

duct in the medial corner of the orbit that drains tears into the nasal cavity

Shallow depression in the anterior-medial wall of the orbit, formed by the lacrimal bone that gives rise to the nasolacrimal canal.

gland lateral to the orbit that produces tears to wash across the surface of the eye

brush border enzyme that breaks down lactose into glucose and galactose

process by which milk is synthesized and secreted from the mammary glands of the postpartum female breast in response to sucking at the nipple

lymphatic capillaries of the gut that absorb bile to form chyle

product of anaerobic glycolysis

ducts that connect the mammary glands to the nipple and allow for the transport of milk

area of milk collection between alveoli and lactiferous duct

(Singular = lacuna) spaces in a bone that house an osteocyte.

Inverted V-shaped joint that unites the occipital bone to the right and left parietal bones on the posterior skull.

encapsulated nerve endings located in the deep dermis or subcutaneous layer that detect deep pressure or vibration

Portion of the vertebral arch on each vertebra that extends between the transverse and spinous process.

Areolar connective tissue underlying a mucous membrane.

Specialized dendritic cell found in the stratum spinosum that functions as a macrophage.

silk-like hairs that coat the fetus; shed later in fetal development

terminal portion of the alimentary canal

region where the two lamine of the thyroid cartilage join, forming a protrusion known as “Adam’s apple”

portion of the pharynx bordered by the oropharynx superiorly and esophagus and trachea inferiorly; serves as a route for both air and food

cartilaginous structure that produces the voice, prevents food and beverages from entering the trachea, and regulates the volume of air that enters and leaves the lungs

the time when a twitch does not produce contraction

Describes the side or direction toward the side of the body.

pair of openings from the fourth ventricle to the subarachnoid space on either side and between the medulla and cerebellum

Diagonally oriented lateral margin of the scapula.

white matter of the spinal cord between the posterior horn on one side and the axons from the anterior horn on the same side; composed of many different groups of axons, of both ascending and descending tracts, carrying sensory and motor commands to and from the brain

region that includes the fibularis (peroneus) longus and the fibularis (peroneus) brevis and their associated blood vessels and nerves

Smooth, articulating surface that forms the distal and posterior sides of the lateral expansion of the distal femur.

Lateral, expanded region of the proximal tibia that includes the smooth surface that articulates with the lateral condyle of the femur as part of the knee joint.

division of the corticospinal pathway that travels through the lateral column of the spinal cord and controls appendicular musculature through the lateral motor neurons in the ventral (anterior) horn

Most lateral of the three cuneiform tarsal bones; articulates posteriorly with the navicular bone, medially with the intermediate cuneiform bone, laterally with the cuboid bone, and anteriorly with the third metatarsal bone.

Roughened area of the femur located on the lateral side of the lateral condyle.

Small projection located on the lateral side of the distal humerus.

thalamic target of the RGCs that projects to the visual cortex

region of the spinal cord gray matter in the thoracic and upper lumbar regions that is the central component of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

Expanded distal end of the fibula.

C-shaped fibrocartilage articular disc located at the knee, between the lateral condyle of the femur and the lateral condyle of the tibia

arises from the bifurcation of the posterior tibial arteries; supplies blood to the lateral plantar surfaces of the foot

extraocular muscle responsible for abduction of the eye

Paired irregular ridges running down the lateral sides of the posterior sacrum that was formed by the fusion of the transverse processes from the five sacral vertebrae.

surface landmark of the cerebral cortex that marks the boundary between the temporal lobe and the frontal and parietal lobes

Narrow, bony ridge located along the lateral side of the distal humerus, superior to the lateral epicondyle.

portions of the ventricular system that are in the region of the cerebrum

to the outside

broad, triangular axial muscle located on the inferior part of the back

ion channel that opens randomly and is not gated to a specific event, also known as a non-gated channel

complement activated by the presence of certain carbohydrates typical of some bacteria

(also, mitral valve or bicuspid valve) valve located between the left atrium and ventricle; consists of two flaps of tissue

flaplike extension on the surface of the left atrium

(also, splenic flexure) point where the transverse colon curves below the inferior end of the spleen

branch of the celiac trunk; supplies blood to the stomach

Portion of the lower limb located between the knee and ankle joints.

component of the eye that focuses light on the retina

protein hormone secreted by adipose tissues in response to food consumption that promotes satiety

(also, lesser pelvic cavity or true pelvis) narrow space located within the pelvis, defined superiorly by the pelvic brim (pelvic inlet) and inferiorly by the pelvic outlet

pelvic opening formed by the lesser sciatic notch of the hip bone, the sacrospinous ligament, and the sacrotuberous ligament

shallow indentation along the posterior margin of the ischium, inferior to the ischial spine

small, bony projection on the medial side of the proximal femur, at the base of the femoral neck

small, bony prominence located on anterior side of the proximal humerus

Lateral extensions of the sphenoid bone that form the bony lip separating the anterior and middle cranial fossae.

release of milk from the alveoli triggered by infant suckling

cancer involving leukocytes

(also, white blood cell) colorless, nucleated blood cell, the chief function of which is to protect the body from disease

enzyme produced by leukocytes that can be detected in the urine and that serves as an indirect indicator of urinary tract infection

excessive leukocyte proliferation

below-normal production of leukocytes

leukocyte proliferation in bone marrow

pelvic muscle that resists intra-abdominal pressure and supports the pelvic viscera

muscle that causes elevation of the upper eyelid, controlled by fibers in the oculomotor nerve

strong band of dense connective tissue spanning between bones

Series of short ligaments that unite the lamina of adjacent vertebrae.

ion channel that opens upon neurotransmitter binding

descent of the fetus lower into the pelvis in late pregnancy; also called “dropping”

structures arranged around the edges of the cerebrum that are involved in memory and emotion

structures at the edge (limit) of the boundary between the forebrain and hindbrain that are most associated with emotional behavior and memory formation

white, fibrous band that runs along the midline of the trunk

longitudinally running bony ridge located in the middle third of the posterior femur

mucous membrane fold that attaches the bottom of the tongue to the floor of the mouth

digestive enzyme from glands in the tongue that acts on triglycerides

lymphoid tissue located at the base of the tongue

Small flap of bone located on the inner (medial) surface of mandibular ramus, next to the mandibular foramen.

Class of nonpolar organic compounds built from hydrocarbons and distinguished by the fact that they are not soluble in water.

hydrophobic hormones that easily dissolve in fats and oils, and tend to dissolve poorly in water-based fluids

synthesis of lipids that occurs in the liver or adipose tissues

catabolism of triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol

largest gland in the body whose main digestive function is the production of bile

hormones that act upon neighboring cells or the original cell that secreted them

change in membrane potential that is limited to the area nearby an open ion gate

postpartum vaginal discharge that begins as blood and ends as a whitish discharge; the end of lochia signals that the site of placental attachment has healed

Cylinder-shaped bone that is longer than it is wide; functions as a lever.

reflex arc that includes the central nervous system

intermediately placed muscles of the erector spinae

large separation along the midline between the two cerebral hemispheres

descending and ascending portions between the proximal and distal convoluted tubules; those of cortical nephrons do not extend into the medulla, whereas those of juxtamedullary nephrons do extend into the medulla

(Also, areolar tissue) type of connective tissue proper that shows little specialization with cells dispersed in the matrix.

(Also, swayback) excessive anterior curvature of the lumbar vertebral column region.

smooth muscle sphincter that regulates food movement from the esophagus to the stomach

second neuron in the motor command pathway that is directly connected to the skeletal muscle

include the larynx, trachea, bronchioles, and lungs

branches of the abdominal aorta; supply blood to the lumbar region, the abdominal wall, and spinal cord

Posteriorly concave curvature of the lumbar vertebral column region; a secondary curve of the vertebral column.

region of the ventral (anterior) horn of the spinal cord that has a larger population of motor neurons for the greater number of muscles of the lower limb

nerve plexus associated with the lumbar spinal nerves

procedure used to withdraw CSF from the lower lumbar region of the vertebral column that avoids the risk of damaging CNS tissue because the spinal cord ends at the upper lumbar vertebrae

Five vertebrae numbered as L1–L5 that are located in lumbar region (lower back) of the vertebral column.

interior of a tubular structure such as a blood vessel or a portion of the alimentary canal through which blood, chyme, or other substances travel

from the lateral side, the second of the four proximal carpal bones; articulates with the radius proximally, the capitate and hamate distally, the scaphoid laterally, and the triquetrum medially

organ of the respiratory system that performs gas exchange

Basal part of the nail body that consists of a crescent-shaped layer of thick epithelium.

anterior pituitary hormone that triggers ovulation and the production of ovarian hormones, and the production of testosterone

fluid contained within the lymphatic system

one of the bean-shaped organs found associated with the lymphatic vessels

smallest of the lymphatic vessels and the origin of lymph flow

network of lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and ducts that carries lymph from the tissues and back to the bloodstream

large lymphatics that collect lymph from smaller lymphatic vessels and empties into the
blood via lymphatic ducts

Lymphatic vasculature that form from fused smaller lymphatic capillaries, these deliver lymph to and from lymph nodes

agranular leukocytes of the lymphoid stem cell line, many of which function in specific immunity

type of hematopoietic stem cells that gives rise to lymphocytes, including various T cells, B cells, and NK cells, all of which function in immunity

Membrane-bound cellular organelle originating from the Golgi apparatus and containing digestive enzymes.

digestive enzyme with bactericidal properties

membrane attack complex, the interaction of C5, C6, C7, C8 and several C9s creates a hole in bacterial membranes disrupting the targeted cell

Large molecule formed by covalent bonding.

phagocytic cell of the myeloid lineage; a matured monocyte

Study of the larger structures of the body, typically with the unaided eye; also referred to as gross anatomy.

enlargement at the base of a semicircular canal at which transduction of equilibrium stimuli takes place within the ampulla

cells found in the part of the DCT forming the JGA; sense Na+ concentration in the forming urine

(also, duct of Wirsung) duct through which pancreatic juice drains from the pancreas

point at which the hepatopancreatic ampulla opens into the duodenum

gene cluster whose proteins present antigens to T cells

(also, hammer) ossicle that is directly attached to the tympanic membrane

mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, lymphoid tissue associated with the digestive tract and respiratory system

brush border enzyme that breaks down maltose and maltotriose into two and three molecules of glucose, respectively

glands inside the breast that secrete milk

Unpaired bone that forms the lower jaw bone; the only moveable bone of the skull.

Opening located on the inner (medial) surface of the mandibular ramus.

Oval depression located on the inferior surface of the skull.

Large U-shaped notch located between the condylar process and coronoid process of the mandible.

Expanded, superior portion of the sternum.

instead of the middle of the blood vessel, cells travel along the wall by sticking and rolling via CAM interactions

long, slow, peristaltic wave in the large intestine

Sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.

main muscle for chewing that elevates the mandible to close the mouth

cell found in the skin and the lining of body cells that contains cytoplasmic granules with
vasoactive mediators such as histamine (similar to basophils)

chewing

Large bony prominence on the inferior, lateral skull, just behind the earlobe.

Extracellular material which is produced by the cells embedded in it, containing ground substance and fibers.

physical substance; that which occupies space and has mass

Physical substance; that which occupies space and has mass.

(Also, maxilla) paired bones that form the upper jaw and anterior portion of the hard palate.

Air-filled space located with each maxillary bone; largest of the paranasal sinuses.

largest

average driving force of blood to the tissues; approximated by taking diastolic pressure and adding 1/3 of pulse pressure

one of three recesses (superior, middle, and inferior) in the nasal cavity attached to the conchae that increase the surface area of the nasal cavity

chewing, mixing, and segmentation that prepares food for chemical digestion

ion channel that opens when a physical event directly affects the structure of the protein

receptor cell that transduces mechanical stimuli into an electrochemical signal

fetal wastes consisting of ingested amniotic fluid, cellular debris, mucus, and bile

Describes the middle or direction toward the middle of the body.

elongated, medial margin of the scapula

smooth, articulating surface that forms the distal and posterior sides of the medial expansion of the distal femur

medial, expanded region of the proximal tibia that includes the smooth surface that articulates with the medial condyle of the femur as part of the knee joint

most medial of the three cuneiform tarsal bones; articulates posteriorly with the navicular bone, laterally with the intermediate cuneiform bone, and anteriorly with the first and second metatarsal bones

fiber pathway that extends anteriorly into the basal forebrain, passes through the hypothalamus, and extends into the brain stem and spinal cord

thalamic target of the auditory brain stem that projects to the auditory cortex

fiber tract of the dorsal column system that extends from the nuclei gracilis and cuneatus to the thalamus, and decussates

bony expansion located on the medial side of the distal tibia

C-shaped fibrocartilage articular disc located at the knee, between the medial condyle of the femur and medial condyle of the tibia

extraocular muscle responsible for adduction of the eye

to the inside

superficial vessel located in the antecubital region that links the cephalic vein to the basilic vein in the form of a v; a frequent site for a blood draw

systemic nerve of the arm, located between the ulnar and radial nerves

continuation of the aorta into the sacrum

Irregular ridge running down the midline of the posterior sacrum that was formed from the fusion of the spinous processes of the five sacral vertebrae.

area within the thoracic cavity that contains the lungs and the heart

medium

in hair, the innermost layer of keratinocytes originating from the hair matrix

inner region of kidney containing the renal pyramids

lowest portion of the brainstem

Hollow region of the diaphysis; filled with yellow marrow.

bone marrow cell that produces platelets

type of cell division that makes daughter cells with half as many chromosomes as the parent cell; type of cell division for gamete production

(Also, tactile corpuscle) receptor in the skin that responds to light touch.

Pigment that determines the color of hair and skin.

Cell found in the stratum basale of the epidermis that produces the pigment melanin.

hormone secreted by the intermediate zone of the pituitary gland that increase melanocyte production of melanin

Type of skin cancer that originates from the melanocytes of the skin.

Intercellular vesicle that transfers melanin from melanocytes into keratinocytes of the epidermis.

amino acid–derived hormone that is secreted in response to low light and causes drowsiness

distribution of charge across the cell membrane, based on the charges of ions

portion of male urethra that passes through the deep muscles of the perineum

type of B or T lymphocyte that forms after exposure to a pathogen

long-lived T or B cell reserved for future exposure to a pathogen

first menstruation in a pubertal female

dense fibrous membrane that passes through the foramen magnum and is continuous with the dura mater of the spinal cord

protective outer coverings of the CNS composed of connective tissue

inflammation of the meninges

articular disc

the natural decline in female reproductive hormones and the ceasing of menstrual periods

shedding of the inner portion of the endometrium out though the vagina; also referred to as menstruation or menstrual period

phase of the menstrual cycle in which the endometrial lining is shed

approximately 28-day cycle of changes in the uterus consisting of a menses phase, a proliferative phase, and a secretory phase

Opening located on the anterior-lateral side of the mandibular body.

Inferior margin of anterior mandible that forms the chin.

Receptor cell in the stratum basale of the epidermis that responds to the sense of touch.

Release of a substance from a gland via exocytosis.

contractile cells found in the glomerulus; can contract or relax to regulate filtration rate

primary vesicle of the embryonic brain that does not significantly change through the rest of embryonic development and becomes the midbrain

Adult stem cell from which most connective tissue cells are derived.

Embryonic tissue from which connective tissue cells derive.

mesentery of the appendix

Middle embryonic germ layer from which connective tissue, muscle tissue, and some epithelial tissue derive.

Simple squamous epithelial tissue which covers the major body cavities and is the epithelial portion of serous membranes.

Nucleotide molecule that serves as an intermediate in the genetic code between DNA and protein.

condition wherein a deficiency of bicarbonate causes the blood to be overly acidic

condition wherein an excess of bicarbonate causes the blood to be overly alkaline

amount of energy consumed minus the amount of energy expended by the body

Sum of all of the body’s chemical reactions.

neurotransmitter receptor that involves a complex of proteins that cause
metabolic changes in a cell

one of the five long bones that form the palm of the hand; numbered 1–5, starting on the lateral (thumb) side of the hand

articulation between the distal end of a metacarpal bone of the hand and a proximal phalanx bone of the thumb or a finger

Second stage of mitosis (and meiosis), characterized by the linear alignment of sister chromatids in the center of the cell.

Linear alignment of sister chromatids in the center of the cell, which takes place during metaphase.

short vessel arising from a terminal arteriole that branches to supply a capillary bed

Spread of cancer cells from a source to other parts of the body.

one of the five elongated bones that forms the anterior half of the foot; numbered 1–5, starting on the medial side of the foot

articulation between a metatarsal bone of the foot and the proximal phalanx bone of a toe

secondary vesicle of the embryonic brain that develops into the pons and the cerebellum

found on most cells of the body, it binds to the CD8 molecule on T cells

multiple MHC genes and their proteins found in body cells

multiple alleles for each individual MHC locus

(aka normal flora) the typical bacteria, viruses and other microbes associated with healthy populations

The thinnest of the cytoskeletal filaments; composed of actin subunits that function in muscle contraction and cellular structural support.

cell type in the CNS that serves as the resident component of the immune system

Study of very small structures of the body using magnification.

The thickest of the cytoskeletal filaments, composed of tubulin subunits that function in cellular movement and structural support.

small projection of the plasma membrane of the absorptive cells of the small intestinal mucosa

also called urination or voiding

middle region of the adult brain that develops from the mesencephalon

vessel that parallels and drains the areas supplied by the posterior interventricular artery; drains into the great cardiac vein

another branch of the internal carotid artery; supplies blood to the temporal and parietal lobes of the cerebrum

Centrally located cranial fossa that extends from the lesser wings of the sphenoid bone to the petrous ridge.

space within the temporal bone between the ear canal and bony labyrinth where the ossicles amplify sound waves from the tympanic membrane to the oval window

Nasal concha formed by the ethmoid bone that is located between the superior and inferior conchae.

form of peristalsis in the small intestine

process occurring in breastfeeding where an infant’s suckling triggers the movement of milk from breast alveoli to milk ducts that eject milk into the infant’s mouth (also called let-down reflex)

hormones produced by the zona glomerulosa cells of the adrenal cortex that influence fluid and electrolyte balance

inorganic compounds required by the body to ensure proper function of the body

openings that allow IF to enter lymphatic capillaries, becoming lymph

smallest

One of the cellular organelles bound by a double lipid bilayer that function primarily in the production of cellular energy (ATP).

Division of genetic material, during which the cell nucleus breaks down and two new, fully functional, nuclei are formed.

Network of microtubules, originating from centrioles, that arranges and pulls apart chromosomes during mitosis.

(also, left atrioventricular valve or bicuspid valve) valve located between the left atrium and ventricle; consists of two flaps of tissue

one of the cusps of the mitral valve is forced backward by the force of the blood

unique type of peristalsis that occurs in the stomach

Process, during bone growth, by which bone is resorbed on one surface of a bone and deposited on another.

band of myocardium covered by endocardium that arises from the inferior portion of the interventricular septum in the right ventricle and crosses to the anterior papillary muscle; contains conductile fibers that carry electrical signals followed by contraction of the heart

tooth used for crushing and grinding food

Two or more atoms covalently bonded together.

a drug prescribed to serotonin deficient patients to potentiate the neurotransmitter effects by reducing intracellular enzymatic degradation

precursor to macrophages and dendritic cells seen in the blood

agranular leukocytes of the myeloid stem cell line that circulate in the bloodstream; tissue monocytes are macrophages

Monomer of carbohydrate; also known as a simple sugar.

rapid reflex arc where the incoming sensory neuron synapses directly on the lower motor neuron minimizing synaptic delay

mound of fatty tissue located at the front of the vulva

tightly packed sphere of blastomeres that has reached the uterus but has not yet implanted itself

movement of food through the GI tract

neuron that send action potentials towards muscles and glands for body movement and regulating physiology

motor neuron and the group of muscle fibers it innervates

The change of position by an organism or part of organism, often in response to stimuli.

innermost lining of the alimentary canal

Specialized loose connective tissue present in the umbilical cord.

Group of cells that secrete mucous, a thick, slippery substance that keeps tissues moist and acts as a lubricant.

Tissue membrane that is covered by protective mucous and lines tissue exposed to the outside environment.

type of diarthrosis; a joint that allows for movements within three planes (three axes)

pennate muscle that has a tendon branching within it

a pathologic condition caused by progressive demyelination of neurons in the CNS

shape of a neuron that has multiple processes—the axon and two or more dendrites

unusual heart sound detected by auscultation; typically related to septal or valve defects

type of acetylcholine receptor protein that is characterized by also binding to
muscarine and is a metabotropic receptor

a single muscle cell

specialized intrafusal muscle fiber that detects stretch of a muscle

force generated by the contraction of the muscle; tension generated during isotonic contractions and isometric contractions

Type of tissue that is capable of contracting and generating tension in response to stimulation; produces movement.

low levels of muscle contraction that occur when a muscle is not producing movement

(also, distributing artery) artery with abundant smooth muscle in the tunica media that branches to distribute blood to the arteriole network

muscle (skeletal or smooth) layer of the alimentary canal wall

Change in the nucleotide sequence in a gene within a cell’s DNA.

secondary vesicle of the embryonic brain that develops into the medulla

Layer of lipid inside some neuroglial cells that wraps around the axons of some neurons.

multiple layers of insulating myelin of some neuron axon regions allowing for faster transmission of electrical signals

process of producing layers of myelin around neuron axons

type of hematopoietic stem cell that gives rise to some formed elements, including erythrocytes, megakaryocytes that produce platelets, and a myeloblast lineage that gives rise to monocytes and three forms of granular leukocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils)

(plexus of Auerbach) major nerve supply to alimentary canal wall; controls motility

muscle that lifts the hyoid bone and helps press the tongue to the top of the mouth

Bony ridge located along the inner (medial) surface of the mandibular body.

muscle-forming stem cell

commonly known as a heart attack, results from a complete blockage of a coronary artery, or more likely several coronary arteries, resulting in the death of the cardiac muscle cells (necrosis)

thickest layer of the heart composed of cardiac muscle cells built upon a framework of primarily collagenous fibers and blood vessels that supply it and the nervous fibers that help to regulate it

Muscle cells.

long, cylindrical organelle that runs parallel within the muscle fiber and contains the sarcomeres

thread-like muscle proteins

mechanism by which smooth muscle responds to stretch by contracting; an increase in blood pressure causes vasoconstriction and a decrease in blood pressure causes vasodilation so that blood flow downstream remains steady

constriction or dilation in the walls of arterioles in response to pressures related to blood flow; reduces high blood flow or increases low blood flow to help maintain consistent flow to the capillary network

instrument used to measure twitch tension

smooth muscle layer of uterus that allows for uterine contractions during labor and expulsion of menstrual blood

protein that makes up most of the thick cylindrical myofilament within a sarcomere muscle fiber

high-energy molecule needed for glycolysis

Layer of epidermis upon which the nail body forms.

Main keratinous plate that forms the nail.

Fold of epithelium that extends over the nail bed, also called the eponychium.

Fold of epithelium at that extend over the sides of the nail body, holding it in place.

Part of the nail that is lodged deep in the epidermis from which the nail grows.

mature B or T cell that has not yet encountered antigen for the first time

(plural = nares) opening of the nostrils

Paired bones that form the base of the nose.

Opening through skull for passage of air.

Curved bony plates that project from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity; include the superior and middle nasal conchae, which are parts of the ethmoid bone, and the independent inferior nasal conchae bone.

Flat, midline structure that divides the nasal cavity into halves, formed by the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone, vomer bone, and septal cartilage.

Passage for drainage of tears that extends downward from the medial-anterior orbit to the nasal cavity, terminating behind the inferior nasal conchae.

portion of the pharynx flanked by the conchae and oropharynx that serves as an airway

the normal exposure to a pathogen or toxin causing an immune response

cytotoxic lymphocytes capable of recognizing cells that do not express “self” proteins on their plasma membrane or that contain foreign or abnormal markers; provide generalized, nonspecific immunity

cytotoxic lymphocyte of innate immune response

tarsal bone that articulates posteriorly with the talus bone, laterally with the cuboid bone, and anteriorly with the medial, intermediate, and lateral cuneiform bones

narrowed region located inferior to the head of the femur

narrowed region immediately distal to the head of the radius

Narrowed region of a rib, next to the rib head.

Accidental death of cells and tissues.

Homeostatic mechanism that tends to stabilize an upset in the body’s physiological condition by preventing an excessive response to a stimulus, typically as the stimulus is removed.

selection against thymocytes in the thymus that react with self-antigen neutralization inactivation of a virus by the binding of specific antibody

thyroid hormone deficiency present at birth and can result in problems with physical and intellectual growth and development (also congenital hypothyroidism, cretinism (outdated))

functional units of the kidney that carry out all filtration and modification to produce urine; consist of renal corpuscles, proximal and distal convoluted tubules, and descending and ascending loops of Henle; drain into collecting ducts

cord-like bundle of axons located in the peripheral nervous system that transmits sensory input and response output to and from the central nervous system

bundles of axons classified as either type A, B, or C fibers according to their diameter and degree of myelination

network of nerves without neuronal cell bodies included formed from the ventral rami of spinal nerves

small nerve fibers found in arteries and veins that trigger contraction of the smooth muscle in their walls

Type of tissue that is capable of sending and receiving impulses through electrochemical signals.

force driving fluid out of the capillary and into the tissue spaces; equal to the difference of the capillary hydrostatic pressure and the blood colloidal osmotic pressure

neutrophil extracellular traps, released DNA that traps and thereby sequestering pathogens

tissue that detaches from the edges of the neural groove and migrates through the embryo to develop into peripheral structures of both nervous and non-nervous tissues

elevated edge of the neural groove

region of the neural plate that folds into the dorsal surface of the embryo and closes off to become the neural tube

plate of ectoderm along the dorsal midline of the early vertebrate embryo that gives rise to the neural tube and neural crests

precursor to structures of the central nervous system, formed by the invagination and separation of neuroepithelium

layer of the eye that contains nervous tissue, namely the retina

Supportive neural cells.

synapse between the axon terminal of a motor neuron and the section of the membrane of a muscle fiber with receptors for the acetylcholine released by the terminal

Excitable neural cell that transfer nerve impulses.

a group of neurons within a nucleus serving a common function

neurotransmitter of short chain (2-40) amino acids

(aka soma) in neurons, that portion of the cell that contains the nucleus; the cell body, as opposed to the cell processes (axons and dendrites)

chemical signal that is released from the synaptic end bulb of a neuron to cause a change in the target cell

embryonic process that establishes the central nervous system

antibodies blocking disease promoting molecules on a pathogens such as adherence proteins

Heavy subatomic particle having no electrical charge and found in the atom’s nucleus.

phagocytic white blood cell recruited from the bloodstream to the site of infection via the
bloodstream

granulocytes that stain with a neutral dye and are the most numerous of the leukocytes; especially active against bacteria

coenzyme used to produce NADH

type of acetylcholine receptor protein that is characterized by also binding to
nicotine and is an ionotropic receptor

rough ER of neurons which appears purple and granular when viewed under a microscope

gas that can act as a neurotransmitter, paracrine factor, and hormone

the chemical element with the symbol N and atomic number 7. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless gas that is the most plentiful element in Earth's atmosphere and is a constituent of all living matter.

the detection of painful stimuli

receptor cell that senses pain stimuli

(aka neurofibril nodes)
gaps between two myelinated regions of an axon

secondary catecholamine hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla in response to short-term stress; also called noradrenaline

Range of values around the set point that do not cause a reaction by the control center.

Rod-like structure along dorsal side of the early embryo; largely disappears during later development but does contribute to formation of the intervertebral discs.

non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as aspirin and ibuprofen

Expanded portion of the supraspinous ligament within the posterior neck; interconnects the spinous processes of the cervical vertebrae and attaches to the base of the skull.

Membrane that surrounds the nucleus; consisting of a double lipid-bilayer.

One of the small, protein-lined openings found scattered throughout the nuclear envelope.

cluster of neurons in the central nervous system, located deep within the cerebral hemispheres and brainstem

Small region of the nucleus that functions in ribosome synthesis.

Class of organic compounds composed of one or more phosphate groups, a pentose sugar, and a base.

Cell’s central organelle; contains the cell’s DNA.

brain-stem nucleus that contains neurons that project through the vagus nerve to terminal ganglia in the thoracic cavity; specifically associated with the heart

medullary nucleus at which first-order neurons of the dorsal column system synapse specifically from the upper body and arms

medullary nucleus at which first-order neurons of the dorsal column system synapse specifically from the lower body and legs

Gel-like central region of an intervertebral disc; provides for padding, weight-bearing, and movement between adjacent vertebrae.

Small opening in the middle of the external surface of the diaphysis, through which an artery enters the bone to provide nourishment.

at an angle

Neither perpendicular nor parallel to a given line or surface; slanting; sloping.

large opening located in the anterior hip bone, between the pubis and ischium regions

peripheral nerve that carries sensory information from the medial thigh and motor innervation of most adductor muscles

Unpaired bone that forms the posterior portions of the brain case and base of the skull.

Paired, oval-shaped bony knobs located on the inferior skull, to either side of the foramen magnum.

region of the cerebral cortex directly beneath the occipital bone of the cranium

dural sinuses along the edge of the occipital lobes of the cerebrum

posterior part of the occipitofrontalis muscle

muscle that makes up the scalp with a frontal belly and an occipital belly

the tendency of atoms to prefer to have eight electrons in the valence shell. When atoms have fewer than eight electrons, they tend to react and form more stable compounds.

third cranial nerve; responsible for contraction of four of the extraocular muscles, the muscle in the upper eyelid, and pupillary constriction

states that electrical current is directly proportional to voltage and indirectly to resistance

expanded posterior and superior portions of the proximal ulna; forms the bony tip of the elbow

large depression located on the posterior side of the distal humerus; this space receives the olecranon process of the ulna when the elbow is fully extended

sense of smell

central target of the first cranial nerve; located on the ventral surface of the frontal lobe in the cerebrum

region of the nasal epithelium where olfactory neurons are located

first cranial nerve; responsible for the sense of smell

receptor cell of the olfactory system, sensitive to the chemical stimuli of smell, the axons of which compose the first cranial nerve

glial cell type in the CNS that provides the myelin insulation for axons in tracts

below normal urine production of 400–500 mL/day

muscle that has superior and inferior bellies and depresses the hyoid bone

cell that results from the division of the oogonium and undergoes meiosis I at the LH surge and meiosis II at fertilization to become a haploid ovum

process by which oogonia divide by mitosis to primary oocytes, which undergo meiosis to produce the secondary oocyte and, upon fertilization, the ovum

ovarian stem cells that undergo mitosis during female fetal development to form primary oocytes

Surgical exposure of a bone to reset a fracture.

branch of the internal carotid artery; supplies blood to the eyes

pathogens that don’t normally cause disease in healthy individuals but can when the immune system is compromised in some way

protein that contains the photosensitive cofactor retinal for phototransduction

enhancement of phagocytosis by the binding of antibody or antimicrobial protein

Opening spanning between middle cranial fossa and posterior orbit.

decussation point in the visual system at which medial retina fibers cross to the other side of the brain

spot on the retina at which RGC axons leave the eye and blood vessels of the inner retina pass

second cranial nerve; responsible for visual sensation

name for the fiber structure containing axons from the retina posterior to the optic chiasm representing their CNS location

(also, buccal cavity) mouth

circular muscle that closes the eye

circular muscle that moves the lips

Bony socket that contains the eyeball and associated muscles.

Functionally distinct structure composed of two or more types of tissues.

structure in the cochlea in which hair cells transduce movements from sound waves into electrochemical signals

Group of organs that work together to carry out a particular function.

Any of several different types of membrane-enclosed specialized structures in the cell that perform specific functions for the cell.

Substance that contains both carbon and hydrogen.

Living being that has a cellular structure and that can independently perform all physiologic functions necessary for life.

The specific arrangement of atoms, molecules, cells, tissues and organs that define an organism.

development of the rudimentary structures of all of an embryo’s organs from the germ layers

end of a skeletal muscle that is attached to another structure (usually a bone) in a fixed position

portion of the pharynx flanked by the nasopharynx, oral cavity, and laryngopharynx that is a passageway for both air and food

Doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating musculoskeletal disorders and injuries.

receptor cell that senses differences in the concentrations of bodily fluids on the basis of osmotic pressure

Diffusion of water molecules down their concentration gradient across a selectively permeable membrane.

Bone tissue; a hard, dense connective tissue that forms the structural elements of the skeleton.

three small bones in the middle ear

(Also, osteogenesis) bone formation.

Cluster of osteoblasts found in the early stages of intramembranous ossification.

Cell responsible for forming new bone.

hormone produced by osteoblasts that stimulates the pancreas to increase insulin production

Cell responsible for resorbing bone.

Primary cell in mature bone; responsible for maintaining the matrix.

Undifferentiated cell with high mitotic activity; the only bone cells that divide; they differentiate and develop into osteoblasts.

Uncalcified bone matrix secreted by osteoblasts.

softening of bones due to a lack of mineralization with calcium and phosphate; most often due to lack of vitamin D; in children, osteomalacia is termed rickets; not to be confused with osteoporosis

(Also, Haversian system) basic structural unit of compact bone; made of concentric layers of calcified matrix.

Disease characterized by a decrease in bone mass; occurs when the rate of bone resorption exceeds the rate of bone formation, a common occurrence as the body ages.

layer of calcium carbonate crystals located on top of the otolithic membrane

gelatinous substance in the utricle and saccule of the inner ear that contains calcium carbonate crystals and into which the stereocilia of hair cells are embedded

membrane at the base of the cochlea where the stapes attaches, marking the beginning of the scala vestibuli

approximately 28-day cycle of changes in the ovary consisting of a follicular phase and a luteal phase

drains the ovary; the right ovarian vein leads to the inferior vena cava and the left ovarian vein leads to the left renal vein

female gonads that produce oocytes and sex steroid hormones (notably estrogen and progesterone)

release of a secondary oocyte and associated granulosa cells from an ovary

haploid female gamete resulting from completion of meiosis II at fertilization

loss of an electron

(also, redox reaction) pair of reactions in which an electron is passed from one molecule to another, oxidizing one and reducing the other

process that converts high-energy NADH and FADH2 into ATP

A phenomenon caused by an imbalance between production and accumulation of oxygen reactive species (ROS) in cells.

Oxygen is the chemical element with the symbol O and atomic number 8. Oxygen is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas essential to living organisms.

amount of oxygen needed to compensate for ATP produced without oxygen during muscle contraction

graph that describes the relationship of partial pressure to the binding and disassociation of oxygen to and from heme

(Hb–O2) bound form of hemoglobin and oxygen

hypothalamic hormone stored in the posterior pituitary gland and important in stimulating uterine contractions in labor, milk ejection during breastfeeding, and feelings of attachment (produced by males and females)

component of the electrocardiogram that represents the depolarization of the atria

cluster of specialized myocardial cells known as the SA node that initiates the sinus rhythm

(Also, lamellated corpuscle) receptor in the skin that responds to vibration.

(also, hematocrit) volume percentage of erythrocytes present in a sample of centrifuged blood

Paired bones that form the posterior quarter of the hard palate and a small area in floor of the orbit.

Medial projection from the maxilla bone that forms the anterior three quarters of the hard palate.

one of the paired structures composed of lymphoid tissue located anterior to the uvula at the roof of isthmus of the fauces

muscle that originates on the soft palate to elevate the back of the tongue

Of, relating to, or located in or on the palm of the hand.

superficial and deep arches formed from anastomosis of the radial and ulnar arteries; supply blood to the hand and digital arteries

drain the hand and digits, and feed into the radial and ulnar veins

muscle that provides weak flexion of the hand at the wrist

membrane attached to the inner surface of the eyelids that covers the anterior surface of the cornea

pathogen associated molecular patterns that are recognized by PRRs of the innate immune system

organ with both exocrine and endocrine functions located posterior to the stomach that is important for digestion and the regulation of blood glucose

specialized clusters of pancreatic cells that have endocrine functions; also called islets of Langerhans

secretion of the pancreas containing digestive enzymes and bicarbonate

enzyme secreted by the pancreas that participates in lipid digestion

enzymes released from the pancreas that digest lipids in the diet

(formerly gamma cells or F cells) cells in pancreatic islets that secrete pancreatic polypeptide

an epidemic of a large area such as an entire country, continent, or planet

for gustation, a bump-like projection on the surface of the tongue that contains taste buds

Superficial layer of the dermis, made of loose, areolar connective tissue.

extension of the myocardium in the ventricles to which the chordae tendineae attach

chemical signal that elicits a response in neighboring cells; also called paracrine factor

fascicles that extend in the same direction as the long axis of the muscle

one of the cavities within the skull that is connected to the conchae that serve to warm and humidify incoming air, produce mucus, and lighten the weight of the skull; consists of frontal, maxillary, sphenoidal, and ethmoidal sinuses

Cavities within the skull that are connected to the conchae that serve to warm and humidify incoming air, produce mucus, and lighten the weight of the skull; consist of frontal, maxillary, sphenoidal, and ethmoidal sinuses.

paralysis of the lower extremities

division of the autonomic nervous system responsible for restful and digestive functions

drugs that enhance or mimic the function of the parasympathetic system

small, round glands embedded in the posterior thyroid gland that produce parathyroid hormone (PTH)

peptide hormone produced and secreted by the parathyroid glands in response to low blood calcium levels

structures that open laterally to the female external urethral orifice and secrete mucus

autonomic ganglia superior to the sympathetic chain ganglia

Functional cells of a gland or organ, in contrast with the supportive or connective tissue of a gland or organ.

partial paralysis or weakness of a limb

an abnormal sensation, such as prickling, itching, etc.

Paired bones that form the upper, lateral sides of the skull.

(also, somatic branches) group of arterial branches of the thoracic aorta; includes those that supply blood to the thoracic cavity, vertebral column, and the superior surface of the diaphragm

gastric gland cell that secretes hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor

region of the cerebral cortex directly beneath the parietal bone of the cranium

The serous membrane lining the pericardial cavity.

The serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity.

The serous membrane lining the pleural cavities.

force exerted by each gas in a mixture of gases

childbirth

transfer of immunity to a pathogen to an individual that lacks immunity to this pathogen
usually by the injection of antibodies

Form of transport across the cell membrane that does not require input of cellular energy.

kneecap; the largest sesamoid bone of the body; articulates with the distal femur

extension of the quadriceps tendon below the patella

stretch reflex of the quadriceps muscle elicited by tapping the patellar ligament

smooth groove located on the anterior side of the distal femur, between the medial and lateral condyles; site of articulation for the patella

a pathology-inducing agent such as certain bacteria, fungi or viruses

the extent or ability of a pathogen to cause disease

leukocyte receptor that binds to specific cell wall components of different bacterial species
perforin molecule in NK cell and cytotoxic T cell granules that form pores in the membrane of a target cell

muscular ridges seen on the anterior surface of the right atrium

narrow ridge located on the superior surface of the superior pubic ramus

muscle that abducts and flexes the femur at the hip

shoulder girdle; the set of bones, consisting of the scapula and clavicle, which attaches each upper limb to the axial skeleton

thick, fan-shaped axial muscle that covers much of the superior thorax

muscle that moves the scapula and assists in inhalation

finger-like projections of podocytes surrounding glomerular capillaries; interdigitate to form a filtration membrane

Portion of the vertebral arch that extends from the vertebral body to the transverse process.

pelvic inlet; the dividing line between the greater and lesser pelvic regions; formed by the superior margin of the pubic symphysis, the pectineal lines of each pubis, the arcuate lines of each ilium, and the sacral promontory

The space bounded by the bones of the pelvis and pelvic girdle.

muscular sheet that comprises the levator ani and the ischiococcygeus

hip girdle; consists of a single hip bone, which attaches a lower limb to the sacrum of the axial skeleton

pelvic brim

inferior opening of the lesser pelvis; formed by the inferior margin of the pubic symphysis, right and left ischiopubic rami and sacrotuberous ligaments, and the tip of the coccyx

ring of bone consisting of the right and left hip bones, the sacrum, and the coccyx

male organ of sexual intercourse

fascicles that are arranged differently based on their angles to the tendon

enzyme that begins to break down proteins in the stomach

inactive form of pepsin

Covalent bond formed by dehydration synthesis between two amino acids.

hormone that is made from a relatively short polypeptide chain made out of amino acids

becoming aware of a stimulus

(Also, Volkmann’s canal) channel that branches off from the central canal and houses vessels and nerves that extend to the periosteum and endosteum.

an enzyme that forms holes in the plasma membrane, released by NK and Tc cells

distribution of blood into the capillaries so the tissues can be supplied

The cavity encasing the heart.

(also, pericardium) membrane that separates the heart from other mediastinal structures; consists of two distinct, fused sublayers: the fibrous pericardium and the parietal pericardium

inflammation of the pericardium

Sac that encloses the heart.

Membrane that covers cartilage.

outer epithelial layer of uterine wall

connective tissue that bundles skeletal muscle fibers into fascicles within a skeletal muscle

diamond-shaped region between the pubic symphysis, coccyx, and ischial tuberosities

layer of connective tissue surrounding fascicles within a nerve

Arrangement of the elements in a table according to their atomic number; elements having similar properties because of their electron arrangements compose columns in the table, while elements having the same number of valence shells compose rows in the table.

a layer of periosteum that covers the inner surface of the skull

Fibrous membrane covering the outer surface of bone and continuous with ligaments.

nerve in the periphery distal to a nerve plexus or spinal nerve

refers to parts of the nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord

anatomical division of the nervous system that is largely outside the cranial and vertebral cavities, namely all parts except the brain and spinal cord

damage to a peripheral nerve, spinal nerve or the nerve roots that results in sensory and or motor impairments to the region innervated by the nerve

Membrane-associated protein that does not span the width of the lipid bilayer, but is attached peripherally to integral proteins, membrane lipids, or other components of the membrane.

muscular contractions and relaxations that propel food through the GI tract

Serous membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity and covers the organs found there.

second capillary bed of the renal portal system; surround the proximal and distal convoluted tubules; associated with the vasa recta

Membrane-bound organelle that contains enzymes primarily responsible for detoxifying harmful substances.

Downward, midline extension of the ethmoid bone that forms the superior portion of the nasal septum.

enlarged vein that receives blood from the cavernous sinus and flows into the internal
jugular vein

Petrous portion of the temporal bone that forms a large, triangular ridge in the floor of the cranial cavity, separating the middle and posterior cranial fossae; houses the middle and inner ear structures.

lymphoid follicles associated with distal regions of the small intestine, part of the MALT

Negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration of a solution.

a cell capable of phagocytosis, namely neutrophils, macrophages and dendritic cells

Endocytosis of large particles.

erroneous perception of pain as originating from an amputated limb

erroneous perception of stimuli as originating from an amputated limb

structure composed of lymphoid tissue located in the nasopharynx

region of the conducting zone that forms a tube of skeletal muscle lined with respiratory epithelium; located between the nasal conchae and the esophagus and trachea

sensory receptors that adapt rapidly and more completely

physical or biochemical manifestation of the genotype; expression of the alleles

cytosolic enzyme that deactivates and degrades cAMP

A lipid compound in which a phosphate group is combined with a diglyceride.

Membrane made out of two layers of phospholipids.

Addition of one or more phosphate groups to an organic compound.

signaling event in which multiple protein kinases phosphorylate the next protein substrate by transferring a phosphate group from ATP to the protein

individual “packet” of light

receptor cell specialized to respond to light stimuli

systemic nerve from the cervical plexus that innervates the diaphragm

drains the diaphragm; the right phrenic vein flows into the inferior vena cava and the left phrenic vein leads to the left renal vein

science that studies the chemistry, biochemistry, and physics of the body’s functions

thin, innermost membrane of the meninges that directly covers the surface of the CNS

endocrine gland that secretes melatonin, which is important in regulating the sleep-wake cycle

cell of the pineal gland that produces and secretes the hormone melatonin

Endocytosis of fluid.

muscle deep to the gluteus maximus on the lateral surface of the thigh that laterally rotates the femur at the hip

from the lateral side, the fourth of the four proximal carpal bones; articulates with the anterior surface of the triquetrum

bean-sized organ suspended from the hypothalamus that produces, stores, and secretes hormones in response to hypothalamic stimulation (also called hypophysis)

organ that forms during pregnancy to nourish the developing fetus; also regulates waste and gas exchange between mother and fetus

low placement of fetus within uterus causes placenta to partially or completely cover the opening of the cervix as it grows

Imaginary two-dimensional surface that passes through the body.

Of or relating to the sole of the foot.

formed from the anastomosis of the dorsalis pedis artery and medial and plantar arteries; branches supply the distal portions of the foot and digits

cutaneous reflex elicited by scraping the plantar surface of the foot from heel to toe

drain the foot and lead to the plantar venous arch

in blood, the liquid extracellular matrix composed mostly of water that circulates the formed elements and dissolved materials throughout the cardiovascular system

differentiated B cell that is actively secreting antibody

See definition for cell membrane.

ratio of solutes to a volume of solvent in the plasma; plasma osmolality reflects a person’s state of hydration

blood protein active in fibrinolysis

accumulation and adhesion of platelets at the site of blood vessel injury

(also, thrombocytes) one of the formed elements of blood that consists of cell fragments broken off from megakaryocytes

Serous membrane that lines the pleural cavity and covers the lungs.

space between the visceral and parietal pleurae

substance that acts as a lubricant for the visceral and parietal layers of the pleura during the movement of breathing

network of nerves or nervous tissue

stem cell that derives from totipotent stem cells and is capable of differentiating into many, but not all, cell types

polymorphonuclear cells, aka granulocytes

network of neurons within the pons that inhibit the activity of the neurons in the dorsal respiratory group; controls rate of breathing

cells forming finger-like processes; form the visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule; pedicels of the podocytes interdigitate to form a filtration membrane

smaller cell produced during the process of meiosis in oogenesis

Molecule with regions that have opposite charges resulting from uneven numbers of electrons in the nuclei of the atoms participating in the covalent bond.

in relation to the electrical properties of a neuron, the state whereby the inner membrane is negatively charged compared to the outer

(also, thumb) digit 1 of the hand

elevated level of hemoglobin, whether adaptive or pathological

having a lobed nucleus, as seen in some leukocytes

Chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.

Compound consisting of more than two carbohydrate monomers bonded by dehydration synthesis via glycosidic bonds.

complex carbohydrates made up of many monosaccharides

penetration of an oocyte by more than one sperm

reflex arc in which at least one interneuron lies between the afferent sensory neuron and the efferent motor neuron

urine production in excess of 2.5 L/day; may be caused by diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus, or excessive use of diuretics

part of the brainstem, a structure that links the brain to the spinal cord

continuation of the femoral artery posterior to the knee; branches into the anterior and posterior tibial arteries

diamond-shaped space at the back of the knee