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Introduction
OpenStaxCollege
The Science of Biology
Themes and Concepts of Biology
Chapter 1
Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks
Water
Carbon
Synthesis of Biological Macromolecules
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Studying Cells
Prokaryotic Cells
Eukaryotic Cells
The Endomembrane System and Proteins
The Cytoskeleton
Connections between Cells and Cellular Activities
Components and Structure
Passive Transport
Active Transport
Bulk Transport
Energy and Metabolism
Potential, Kinetic, Free, and Activation Energy
The Laws of Thermodynamics
ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate
Enzymes
Energy in Living Systems
Glycolysis
Oxidation of Pyruvate and the Citric Acid Cycle
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Metabolism without Oxygen
Connections of Carbohydrate, Protein, and Lipid Metabolic Pathways
Regulation of Cellular Respiration
Overview of Photosynthesis
The Light-Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis
Using Light Energy to Make Organic Molecules
Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors
Propagation of the Signal
Response to the Signal
Signaling in Single-Celled Organisms
Cell Division
The Cell Cycle
Control of the Cell Cycle
Cancer and the Cell Cycle
Prokaryotic Cell Division
The Process of Meiosis
Sexual Reproduction
Mendel’s Experiments and the Laws of Probability
Characteristics and Traits
Laws of Inheritance
Chromosomal Theory and Genetic Linkage
Chromosomal Basis of Inherited Disorders
Historical Basis of Modern Understanding
DNA Structure and Sequencing
Basics of DNA Replication
DNA Replication in Prokaryotes
DNA Replication in Eukaryotes
DNA Repair
The Genetic Code
Prokaryotic Transcription
Eukaryotic Transcription
RNA Processing in Eukaryotes
Ribosomes and Protein Synthesis
Regulation of Gene Expression
Prokaryotic Gene Regulation
Eukaryotic Epigenetic Gene Regulation
Eukaryotic Transcription Gene Regulation
Eukaryotic Post-transcriptional Gene Regulation
Eukaryotic Translational and Post-translational Gene Regulation
Cancer and Gene Regulation
Biotechnology
Mapping Genomes
Whole-Genome Sequencing
Applying Genomics
Genomics and Proteomics
Understanding Evolution
Formation of New Species
Reconnection and Rates of Speciation
Population Evolution
Population Genetics
Adaptive Evolution
Organizing Life on Earth
Determining Evolutionary Relationships
Perspectives on the Phylogenetic Tree
Viral Evolution, Morphology, and Classification
Virus Infections and Hosts
Prevention and Treatment of Viral Infections
Other Acellular Entities: Prions and Viroids
Prokaryotic Diversity
Structure of Prokaryotes
Prokaryotic Metabolism
Bacterial Diseases in Humans
Beneficial Prokaryotes
Eukaryotic Origins
Characteristics of Protists
Groups of Protists
Ecology of Protists
Characteristics of Fungi
Classifications of Fungi
Ecology of Fungi
Fungal Parasites and Pathogens
Importance of Fungi in Human Life
Early Plant Life
Green Algae: Precursors of Land Plants
Bryophytes
Seedless Vascular Plants
Evolution of Seed Plants
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms
The Role of Seed Plants
Features of the Animal Kingdom
Features Used to Classify Animals
Animal Phylogeny
The Evolutionary History of the Animal Kingdom
Phylum Porifera
Phylum Cnidaria
Superphylum Lophotrochozoa
Superphylum Ecdysozoa
Superphylum Deuterostomia
Chordates
Fishes
Amphibians
Reptiles
Birds
Mammals
The Evolution of Primates
The Plant Body
Stems
Roots
Leaves
Transport of Water and Solutes in Plants
Plant Sensory Systems and Responses
Nutritional Requirements of Plants
The Soil
Nutritional Adaptations of Plants
Reproductive Development and Structure
Pollination and Fertilization
Asexual Reproduction
Animal Form and Function
Animal Primary Tissues
Homeostasis
Digestive Systems
Nutrition and Energy Production
Digestive System Processes
Digestive System Regulation
Neurons and Glial Cells
How Neurons Communicate
The Central Nervous System
The Peripheral Nervous System
Nervous System Disorders
Sensory Processes
Somatosensation
Taste and Smell
Hearing and Vestibular Sensation
Vision
Types of Hormones
How Hormones Work
Regulation of Body Processes
Regulation of Hormone Production
Endocrine Glands
Types of Skeletal Systems
Bone
Joints and Skeletal Movement
Muscle Contraction and Locomotion
Systems of Gas Exchange
Gas Exchange across Respiratory Surfaces
Breathing
Transport of Gases in Human Bodily Fluids
Overview of the Circulatory System
Components of the Blood
Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels
Blood Flow and Blood Pressure Regulation
Osmoregulation and Osmotic Balance
The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs
Excretion Systems
Nitrogenous Wastes
Hormonal Control of Osmoregulatory Functions
Innate Immune Response
Adaptive Immune Response
Antibodies
Disruptions in the Immune System
Reproduction Methods
Fertilization
Human Reproductive Anatomy and Gametogenesis
Hormonal Control of Human Reproduction
Human Pregnancy and Birth
Fertilization and Early Embryonic Development
Organogenesis and Vertebrate Formation
The Scope of Ecology
Biogeography
Terrestrial Biomes
Aquatic Biomes
Climate and the Effects of Global Climate Change
Population Demography
Life Histories and Natural Selection
Environmental Limits to Population Growth
Population Dynamics and Regulation
Human Population Growth
Community Ecology
Behavioral Biology: Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior
Ecology of Ecosystems
Energy Flow through Ecosystems
Biogeochemical Cycles
The Biodiversity Crisis
The Importance of Biodiversity to Human Life
Threats to Biodiversity
Preserving Biodiversity
Appendix
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Biology Copyright © 2012 by OSCRiceUniversity is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted.